Fluid Permeable Structured Fibrous Web

ABSTRACT

A fluid permeable structured fibrous web having thermally stable, fibers that are thermally bonded together using heat provides a base substrate that is thermally stable. The base substrate is textured via mechanical treatment producing a structured fibrous web having an aged caliper of less than 1.5 mm, a vertical wicking height of at least 5 mm, a permeability of at least 10,000 cm 2 /(Pa·s) and a specific volume of at least 5 cm 3 /g. The structured fibrous web provides optimal fluid wicking and fluid acquisition capabilities and is directed toward fluid management applications. The structured fibrous web has a bio-based content of about 10% to about 100% using ASTM D6866-10, method B.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is related to fluid permeable fibrous webs, particularly fluid permeable fibrous webs providing optimal fluid acquisition and distribution capabilities.

BACKGROUND

The development of nonwoven fabrics is the subject of substantial commercial interest. There is a great deal of art relating to the design of these products, the processes for manufacturing such products, and the materials used in their construction. In particular, a great deal of effort has been spent in the development of materials exhibiting optimal performance characteristics.

Commercial woven and nonwoven fabrics typically comprise synthetic polymers formed into fibers. These fabrics are typically produced with solid fibers that have a high inherent overall density, typically 0.9 g/cm³ to 1.4 g/cm³. The overall weight or basis weight of the fabric is often dictated by a desired opacity, mechanical properties, softness/cushiness, or a specific fluid interaction of the fabric to promote an acceptable thickness or caliper, strength and protection perception. Often, these properties are needed in combination to achieve the desired level of performance.

A key aspect of using synthetic fiber nonwovens is their functionality. For many fabrics and nonwovens, its function is to provide a desired feel to a product; to make it softer or make it feel more natural. For other fabrics or nonwovens, the functionality is important to improve the direct performance of the product. For instance, a disposable absorbent article typically includes a nonwoven topsheet, a backsheet and an absorbent core therebetween. The nonwoven topsheet is permeable to allow fluids to pass through to the absorbent core. In order to control leakage and rewet due to gushing, a fluid acquisition layer that typically comprises at least one nonwoven layer is disposed between the topsheet and the absorbent core. The nonwoven acquisition layer has capacity to take in fluid and transport it to the absorbent core. The effectiveness of the acquisition layer in performing this function is largely dependent upon the thickness of the layer and the properties of the fibers used to form it. However, thickness leads to bulkiness which is undesirable to the consumer. Therefore, the optimal thickness or caliper of the acquisition layer is often a compromise between thickness for fluid handling and thinness for comfort. As the fluid acquisition layer decreases in thickness, its capacity to take in fluids is reduced; therefore, necessitating an enhancement in the material's ability to quickly distribute fluids in the plane of the layer away from the point of intake. Material properties related to fluid distribution performance include wicking and permeability.

Thus, a fluid acquisition layer is desired exhibiting a thickness for fluid acquisition and thinness for comfort while providing permeability and fluid wicking capabilities necessary for enhanced fluid distribution. What's more, caliper or thickness is difficult to maintain due to compressive forces induced during material handling, storage and normal use. Thus, it is also desired to provide a nonwoven exhibiting a robust caliper that is sustainable during normal handling, packaging and use. Further, a process for enhancing the caliper of a nonwoven material close to its end use is desired in order to minimize the impact of such compressive forces induced during material handling and converting.

Most of the materials used in current commercial nonwoven fabrics are derived from non-renewable resources, especially petroleum. Typically, the components of the nonwoven fabrics are made from polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Such polymers are at least partially derived from ethylene glycol or related compounds which are obtained directly from petroleum via cracking and refining processes.

Thus, the price and availability of the petroleum feedstock ultimately has a significant impact on the price of nonwoven fabrics which utilize materials derived from petroleum. As the worldwide price of petroleum escalates, so does the price of such nonwoven fabrics.

Furthermore, many consumers display an aversion to purchasing products that are derived from petrochemicals. In some instances, consumers are hesitant to purchase products made from limited non-renewable resources such as petroleum and coal. Other consumers may have adverse perceptions about products derived from petrochemicals being “unnatural” or not environmentally friendly.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide nonwoven fabrics which comprise a polymer at least partially derived from renewable resources, where the polymer has specific performance characteristics.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one embodiment, a fluid permeable structured fibrous web comprises thermoplastic fibers wherein the fibrous web has an aged caliper of less than 1.5 mm, vertical wicking height of at least 5 mm, a permeability of at least 10,000 cm²/(Pa·s), and a structured substrate specific volume of at least 5 cm³/g. The fibers of the fibrous web are formed from a thermoplastic polymer comprising a polyester. The fibrous web comprises a bio-based content of about 10% to about 100% using ASTM D6866-10, method B.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for making a web according present invention.

FIG. 1A is a schematic representation of an alternate apparatus for making a laminate web according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a partial perspective view of a structured substrate.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged portion of the structured substrate shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the structured substrate shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a plan view of a portion of the structured substrate shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional depiction of a portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a portion of the apparatus for forming one embodiment the web of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of the apparatus for forming the web of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a partial perspective view of a structured substrate having melt-bonded portions of displaced fibers.

FIG. 11 is an enlarged portion of the structured substrate shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 12A-12F are plan views of a portion of the structured substrate of the present invention illustrating various patterns of bonded and/or over bond regions.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the structured substrate showing bonded and/or over bond regions.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the structured substrate showing bonded and/or over bond regions on opposing surfaces of the structured substrate.

FIG. 15 is a photomicrograph of a portion of a web of the present invention showing tent-like structures formed at low fiber displacement deformations.

FIG. 16 is a photomicrograph of a portion of a web of the present invention showing substantial fiber breakage resulting from increased fiber displacement deformation.

FIGS. 17A and 17B are photomicrographs of portions of a web of the present invention showing portions of the structured substrate that are cut in order to determine the number of displaced fibers.

FIG. 18 is a photomicrograph of a portion of a web of the present invention identifying locations along tip bonded displaced fibers of the structured substrate that are cut in order to determine the number of displaced fibers.

FIGS. 19A through 19C are cross sections of shaped fiber configurations.

FIG. 20 is a schematic representation of an in plane radial permeability apparatus set up.

FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21C are an alternate views of portions of the in plane radial permeability apparatus set up shown in FIG. 20.

FIG. 22 is a schematic representation of a fluid delivery reservoir for the in plane radial permeability apparatus set up shown in FIG. 20.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

As used herein and in the claims, the term “comprising” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional unrecited elements, compositional components, or method steps.

As used herein the term “activation” means any process by which tensile strain produced by intermeshing teeth and grooves causes intermediate web sections to stretch or extend. Such processes have been found useful in the production of many articles including breathable films, stretch composites, apertured materials and textured materials. For nonwoven webs, the stretching can cause fiber reorientation, change in fiber denier and/or cross section, a reduction in basis weight, and/or controlled fiber destruction in the intermediate web sections. For example, a common activation method is the process known in the art as ring rolling.

As used herein “depth of engagement” means the extent to which intermeshing teeth and grooves of opposing activation members extend into one another.

As used herein, the term “nonwoven web” refers to a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in a repeating pattern as in a woven or knitted fabric, which do not typically have randomly oriented fibers. Nonwoven webs or fabrics have been formed from many processes, such as, for example, meltblowing processes, spunbonding processes, hydroentangling, airlaid, and bonded carded web processes, including carded thermal bonding. The basis weight of nonwoven fabrics is usually expressed in grams per square meter (g/m²). The basis weight of a laminate web is the combined basis weight of the constituent layers and any other added components. Fiber diameters are usually expressed in microns; fiber size can also be expressed in denier, which is a unit of weight per length of fiber. The basis weight of laminate webs suitable for use in the present invention can range from 6 g/m² to 400 g/m², depending on the ultimate use of the web. For use as a hand towel, for example, both a first web and a second web can be a nonwoven web having a basis weight of between 18 g/m² and 500 g/m².

As used herein, “spunbond fibers” refers to relatively small diameter fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine, usually circular capillaries of a spinneret with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced by an externally applied force. Spunbond fibers are generally not tacky when they are deposited on a collecting surface. Spunbond fibers are generally continuous and have average diameters (from a sample of at least 10) larger than 7 microns, and more particularly, between about 10 and 40 microns.

As used herein, the term “meltblowing” refers to a process in which fibers are formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging high velocity, usually heated, gas (for example air) streams which attenuate the filaments of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface, often while still tacky; to form a web of randomly dispersed meltblown fibers. Meltblown fibers are microfibers which may be continuous or discontinuous and are generally smaller than 10 microns in average diameter.

As used herein, the term “polymer” generally includes, but is not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers, such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof. In addition, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term “polymer” includes all possible geometric configurations of the material. The configurations include, but are not limited to, isotactic, atactic, syndiotactic, and random symmetries.

As used herein, the term “monocomponent” fiber refers to a fiber formed from one or more extruders using only one polymer. This is not meant to exclude fibers formed from one polymer to which small amounts of additives have been added for coloration, antistatic properties, lubrication, hydrophilicity, etc. These additives, for example titanium dioxide for coloration, are generally present in an amount less than about 5 weight percent and more typically about 2 weight percent.

As used herein, the term “bicomponent fibers” refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two different polymers extruded from separate extruders but spun together to form one fiber. Bicomponent fibers are also sometimes referred to as conjugate fibers or multicomponent fibers. The polymers are arranged in substantially constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-section of the bicomponent fibers and extend continuously along the length of the bicomponent fibers. The configuration of such a bicomponent fiber may be, for example, a sheath/core arrangement wherein one polymer is surrounded by another, or may be a side-by-side arrangement, a pie arrangement, or an “islands-in-the-sea” arrangement.

As used herein, the term “biconstituent fibers” refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from the same extruder as a blend. Biconstituent fibers do not have the various polymer components arranged in relatively constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross sectional area of the fiber and the various polymers are usually not continuous along the entire length of the fiber, instead usually forming fibers which start and end at random. Biconstituent fibers are sometimes also referred to as multiconstituent fibers.

As used herein, the term “non-round fibers” describes fibers having a non-round cross-section, and include “shaped fibers” and “capillary channel fibers.” Such fibers can be solid or hollow, and they can be tri-lobal, delta-shaped, and are preferably fibers having capillary channels on their outer surfaces. The capillary channels can be of various cross-sectional shapes such as “U-shaped”, “H-shaped”, “C-shaped” and “V-shaped”. One preferred capillary channel fiber is T-401, designated as 4DG fiber available from Fiber Innovation Technologies, Johnson City, Tenn. T-401 fiber is a polyethylene terephthalate (PET polyester).

“Absorbent article” means devices that absorb and/or contain liquid. Wearable absorbent articles are absorbent articles placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain various exudates discharged from the body. Nonlimiting examples of wearable absorbent articles include diapers, pant-like or pull-on diapers, training pants, sanitary napkins, tampons, panty liners, incontinence devices, and the like. Additional absorbent articles include wipes and cleaning products.

“Bio-based content” refers to the amount of carbon from a renewable resource in a material as a percent of the mass of the total organic carbon in the material, as determined by ASTM D6866-10, method B. Note that any carbon from inorganic sources such as calcium carbonate is not included in determining the bio-based content of the material.

“Disposed” refers to the placement of one element of an article relative to another element of an article. For example, the elements may be formed (joined and positioned) in a particular place or position as a unitary structure with other elements of the diaper or as a separate element joined to another element of the diaper.

“Extensible nonwoven” is a fibrous nonwoven web that elongates, without rupture or breakage, by at least 50%. For example, an extensible material that has an initial length of 100 mm can elongate at least to 150 mm, when strained at 100% per minute strain rate when tested at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity. A material may be extensible in one direction (e.g. CD), but non-extensible in another direction (e.g. MD). An extensible nonwoven is generally composed of extensible fibers.

“Highly extensible nonwoven” is a fibrous nonwoven web that elongates, without rupture or breakage, by at least 100%. For example, a highly extensible material that has an initial length of 100 mm can elongate at least to 200 mm, when strained at 100% per minute strain rate when tested at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity. A material may be highly extensible in one direction (e.g. CD), but non-extensible in another direction (e.g. MD) or extensible in the other direction. A highly extensible nonwoven is generally composed of highly extensible fibers.

“Non-extensible nonwoven” is a fibrous nonwoven web that elongates, with rupture or breakage, before 50% elongation is reached. For example, a non-extensible material that has an initial length of 100 mm cannot elongate more than 50 mm, when strained at 100% per minute strain rate when tested at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity. A non-extensible nonwoven is non-extensible in both the machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD).

“Extensible fiber is a fiber that elongates by at least 400% without rupture or breakage, when strained at 100% per minute strain rate when tested at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity.

“Highly extensible fiber is a fiber that elongates by at least 500% without rupture or breakage, when strained at 100% per minute strain rate when tested at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity.

“Non extensible fiber is a fiber that elongates by less than 400% without rupture or breakage, when strained at 100% per minute strain rate when tested at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity.

“Hydrophilic or hydrophilicity” refers to a fiber or nonwoven material in which water or saline rapidly wets out on the surface the fiber or fibrous material. A material that wicks water or saline can be classified as hydrophilic. A way for measuring hydrophilicity is by measuring its vertical wicking capability. For the present invention, a nonwoven material is hydrophilic if it exhibits a vertical wicking capability of at least 5 mm.

“Joined” refers to configurations whereby an element is directly secured to another element by affixing the element directly to the other element, and configurations whereby an element is indirectly secured to another element by affixing the element to intermediate member(s) that in turn are affixed to the other element.

“Laminate” means two or more materials that are bonded to one another by methods known in the art, e.g. adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding.

“Machine direction” or “MD” is the direction parallel to the direction of travel of the web as it moves through the manufacturing process. Directions within ±45 degrees of the MD are considered to be machine directional. The “cross machine direction” or “CD” is the direction substantially perpendicular to the MD and in the plane generally defined by the web. Directions within less than 45 degrees of the cross direction are considered to be cross directional.

“Outboard” and “inboard” refer, respectively, to the location of an element disposed relatively far from or near to the longitudinal centerline of an absorbent article with respect to a second element. For example, if element A is outboard of element B, then element A is farther from the longitudinal centerline than is element B.

“Wicking” refers to the active fluid transport of fluid through the nonwoven via capillary forces. Wicking rate refers to the fluid movement per unit time, or i.e. how far a fluid has traveled in a specified period of time.

“Acquisition rate” refers to the speed in which a material takes-up a defined quantity of fluid or the amount of time it takes for the fluid to pass through the material.

“Permeability” refers to a relative ability of a fluid to flow through a material in the X-Y plane. Materials with high permeability enable higher fluid flow rates than materials with lower permeability.

“Petrochemical” refers to an organic compound derived from petroleum, natural gas, or coal.

“Petroleum” refers to crude oil and its components of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Crude oil may be obtained from tar sands, bitumen fields, and oil shale.

“Renewable resource” refers to a natural resource that can be replenished within a 100 year time frame. The resource may be replenished naturally, or via agricultural techniques. Renewable resources include plants, animals, fish, bacteria, fungi, and forestry products. They may be naturally occurring, hybrids, or genetically engineered organisms. Natural resources such as crude oil, coal, and peat which take longer than 100 years to form are not considered to be renewable resources.

“Synthetic polymer” refers to a polymer which is produced from at least one monomer by a chemical process. A synthetic polymer is not produced directly by a living organism.

“Web” means a material capable of being wound into a roll. Webs may be films, nonwovens, laminates, apertured laminates, etc. The face of a web refers to one of its two dimensional surfaces, as opposed to its edge.

“X-Y plane” means the plane defined by the MD and CD of a moving web or the length.

Regarding all numerical ranges disclosed herein, it should be understood that every maximum numerical limitation given throughout this specification includes every lower numerical limitation, as if such lower numerical limitations were expressly written herein. In addition, every minimum numerical limitation given throughout this specification will include every higher numerical limitation, as if such higher numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Further, every numerical range given throughout this specification will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range and will also encompass each individual number within the numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges and individual numbers were all expressly written herein.

The present invention provides a structured substrate formed by activation of a suitable base substrate. The activation induces fiber displacement and forms a three dimensional texture which increases the fluid acquisition properties of the base substrate. The surface energy of the base substrate can also be modified to increase its fluid wicking properties. The structured substrate of the present invention will be described with respect to a preferred method and apparatus used for making the structured substrate from the base substrate. A preferred apparatus 150 is shown schematically in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 and discussed more fully below.

Base Substrate

The base substrate 20 according to the present invention is a fluid permeable fibrous nonwoven web formed from a loose collection of thermally stable fibers. The fibers according to the present invention are non extensible which was previously defined as elongating by less than 300% without rupture or breakage; however, the non extensible fibers forming the base substrate of the present invention preferably elongate by less than 200% without rupture or breakage. The fibers can include staple fibers formed into a web using industry standard carding, airlaid, or wetlaid technologies; however, continuous spunbond fibers forming spunlaid nonwoven webs using industry standard spunbond type technologies is preferred. Fibers and spunlaid processes for producing spunlaid webs are discussed more fully below.

The fibers of the present invention may have various cross sectional shapes that include, but are not limited to; round, elliptical, star shaped, trilobal, multilobal with 3-8 lobes, rectangular, H-shaped, C-shaped, 1-shape, U-shaped and other various eccentricities. Hollow fibers can also be used. Preferred shapes are round, trilobal and H-shaped. Round fibers are the least expensive and are therefore preferred from an economic standpoint but trilobal shaped fibers provide increased surface area and are therefore preferred from a functional standpoint. The round and trilobal fiber shapes can also be hollow; however, solid fibers are preferred. Hollow fibers are useful because they have a higher compression resistance at equivalent denier than a solid fiber of the same shape and denier.

Fibers in the present invention tend to be larger than those found in typical spunbond nonwovens. Because the diameter of shaped fibers can be hard to determine, the denier of the fiber is often referenced. Denier is defined as the mass of a fiber in grams at 9000 linear meters of length, expressed as dpf (denier per filament). For the present invention, the preferred denier range is greater than 1 dpf and less than 100 dpf. A more preferred denier range is 1.5 dpf to 50 dpf and a still more preferred range from 2.0 dpf to 20 dpf, and a most preferred range of 4 dpf to 10 dpf.

The loose collection of fibers forming the base substrate of the present invention are bonded in advance of activation and corresponding fiber displacement. A fibrous web can be under bonded so that the fibers have a high level of mobility and tend to pull out from the bond sites under tension or fully bonded with much higher bond site integrity such that the fibers exhibit minimal fiber mobility and tend to break under tension. The non extensible fibers forming the base substrate of the present invention are preferably fully bonded to form a non extensible fibrous web material. As explained more fully below, a non extensible base substrate is preferred for forming the structured substrate via fiber displacement.

Fully bonding of the base substrate can be done in one bonding step, e.g. during manufacturing of the base substrate. Alternatively, there can be more than one bonding step to make the pre-bonded base substrate, e.g. the base substrate can be only lightly bonded or under bonded upon manufacturing to provide sufficient integrity to wind it up. Subsequently, the base substrate may then undergo further bonding steps to obtain a fully bonded web, e.g. immediately prior to subjecting the base substrate to the fiber displacement process of the present invention. Also, there may be bonding steps at any time between base substrate manufacture and fiber displacement. The different bonding steps may also impart different bonding patterns.

Processes for bonding fibers are described in detail in “Nonwovens: Theory, Process, Performance and Testing” by Albin Turbak (Tappi 1997). Typical bonding methods include mechanical entanglement, hydrodynamic entanglement, needle punching, and chemical bonding and/or resin bonding; however, thermal bonding such as thru-air bonding utilizing heat and thermal point bonding utilizing pressure and heat are preferred with thermal point bonding being most preferred.

Thru-air bonding is performed by passing a heated gas through a collection of fibers to produce a consolidated nonwoven web. Thermal point bonding involves applying heat and pressure to discrete locations to form bond sites on the nonwoven web. The actual bond sites include a variety of shapes and sizes; including but not limited to oval, round and four sided geometric shapes. The total overall thermal point bond area is between 2% and 60%, preferably between 4% and 35%, more preferably between 5% and 30% and most preferably between 8% and 20%. A fully bonded base substrate of the present invention has a total overall bond area of from 8% to 70%, preferably from 12% to 50%, and most preferably between 15% and 35%. The thermal point bonding pin density is between 5 pins/cm² and 100 pins/cm², preferably between 10 pins/cm² and 60 pins/cm² and most preferably between 20 pins/cm² and 40 pins/cm². A fully bonded base substrate of the present invention has a bonding pin density of from 10 pins/cm² to 60 pins/cm², preferably from 20 pins/cm² to 40 pins/cm².

Thermal bonding requires fibers formed from thermally bondable polymers, such as thermoplastic polymers and fiber made therefrom. For the present invention, the fiber composition includes a thermally bondable polymer. The preferred thermally bondable polymer comprises polyester resin, preferably PET resin, more preferably PET resin and coPET resin providing thermally bondable, thermally stable fibers as discussed more fully below. For the present invention, the thermoplastic polymer content is present at a level of greater than about 30%, preferably greater than about 50%, more preferably greater than about 70%, and most preferably greater than about 90% by weight of the fiber.

As a result of bonding, the base substrate has mechanical properties in both the machine direction (MD) and cross machine direction (CD). The MD tensile strength is between 1 N/cm and 200 N/cm, preferably between 5 N/cm and 100 N/cm, more preferably between 10 N/cm and 50 N/cm and most preferably between 20 N/cm and 40 N/cm. The CD tensile strength is between 0.5 N/cm and 50 N/cm, preferably between 2 N/cm and 35 N/cm, and most preferably between 5 N/cm and 25 N/cm. The base substrate should also have a characteristic ratio of MD to CD tensile strength ratio between 1.1 and 10, preferably between 1.5 and 6 and most preferably between 1.8 and 5.

The bonding method also influences the thickness of the base substrate. The base substrate thickness or caliper is also dependent on the number, size and shape of fiber present in a given measured location. The base substrate thickness is between 0.10 mm and 1.3 mm, more preferably between 0.15 mm and 1.0 mm and most preferably between 0.20 mm and 0.7 mm.

The base substrate also has a characteristic opacity. Opacity is a measure of the relative amount of light that passes through the base substrate. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the characteristic opacity depends on the number, size, type, morphology, and shape of fibers present in a given measured location. Opacity can be measured using TAPPI Test Method T 425 om-01 “Opacity of Paper (15/d geometry, Illuminant λ/2 degrees, 89% Reflectance Backing and Paper Backing)”. The opacity is measured as a percentage. For the present invention, the base substrate opacity is greater than 5%, preferably greater than 10%, more preferably greater than 20%, still more preferably greater than 30% and most preferably greater than 40%.

The base substrate has a characteristic basis weight and a characteristic density. Basis weight is defined as a fiber/nonwoven mass per unit area. For the present invention, the basis weight of the base substrate is between 10 g/m² and 200 g/m². The base substrate density is determined by dividing the base substrate basis weight by the base substrate thickness. For the present invention the density of the base substrate is between 14 kg/m³ and 200 kg/m³. The base substrate also has a base substrate specific volume which is an inverse of the base substrate density measured in cubic centimeters per gram.

The base substrate of the present invention can be used to make roof felt, filtration articles, dryer sheets and other consumer products.

Base Substrate Modification

In the present invention, the base substrate can be modified to optimize its fluid dispersion and acquisition properties for use in products where fluid management is important. The fluid dispersion properties can be enhanced by changing the surface energy of the base substrate to increase hydrophilicity and corresponding wicking properties. Modifying the surface energy of the base substrate is optional and is typically performed as the base substrate is made. The fluid acquisition properties can be influenced by modifying the structure of the base substrate by fiber displacement to introduce a 3D texture which increases the thickness or loft and corresponding specific volume of the substrate.

Surface Energy

Hydrophilicity of the base substrate relates to the surface energy. The surface energy of the base substrate can be modified through topical surface treatments, chemical grafting to the surface of the fibers or reactive oxidization of the fiber surfaces via plasma or corona treatments then further chemical bonding from gas reaction addition.

The surface energy of the base substrate can also be influenced by the polymeric material used in producing the fibers of the base substrate. The polymeric material can either have inherent hydrophilicity or it can be rendered hydrophilic through chemical modification of the polymer, fiber surface, and base substrate surface through melt additives or combination of the polymeric material with other materials that induce hydrophilic behavior. Examples of materials used for polypropylene are IRGASURF® HL560 from Ciba and a PET copolymer from Eastman Chemical, EASTONE® family of polymeric materials for PET.

Surface energy can also be influenced through topical treatments of the fibers. Topical treatment of fiber surfaces generally involves surfactants that are added in an emulsion via foam, spray, kiss-roll or other suitable technique in a diluted state and then dried. Polymers that might require a topical treatment are polypropylene or polyester terephthalate based polymer systems. Other polymers include aliphatic polyesteramides; aliphatic polyesters; aromatic polyesters including polyethylene terephthalates and copolymers, polybutylene terephthalates and copolymers; polytrimethylene terephthalates and copolymers; polylactic acid and copolymers. A category of materials referred to as soil release polymers (SRP) are also suitable for topical treatment. Soil release polymers are a family of materials that include low molecular weight polyester polyether, polyester polyether block copolymer and nonionic polyester compounds. Some of these materials can be added as melt additives, but their preferred usage is as topical treatments. Commercial examples of this category of materials are available from Clariant as the Texcare™ family of products.

Structured Substrate

The second modification to the base substrate 20 involves mechanically treating the base substrate to produce a structured fibrous web substrate (the terms “structured fibrous web” and “structured substrate” are used interchangeably herein). The structured substrate is defined as (1) a base substrate permanently deformed through fiber rearrangement and fiber separation and breakage producing permanent fiber dislocation (referred to hereinafter as “fiber displacement”) such that the structured substrate has a thickness value which is higher than that of the base substrate and optionally (2) a base substrate modified by over bonding (referred to hereinafter as “over bonding”) to form a compressed region below the thickness of the base substrate. Fiber displacement processes involve permanent mechanical displacement of fibers via rods, pins, buttons, structured screens or belts or other suitable technology. The permanent fiber dislocation provides additional thickness or caliper compared to the base substrate. The additional thickness increases specific volume of the substrate and also increases fluid permeability of the substrate. The over bonding improves the mechanical properties of the base substrate and can enhance the depth of channels in between displaced fiber regions for fluid management.

Fiber Displacement

The base substrate previously described can be processed using the apparatus 150 shown in FIG. 1 to form structured substrate 21, a portion of which is shown in FIGS. 3-6. As shown in FIG. 3, the structured substrate has a first region 2 in the X-Y plane and a plurality of second regions 4 disposed throughout the first region 2. The second regions 4 comprise displaced fibers 6 forming discontinuities 16 on the second surface 14 of the structured substrate 21 and displaced fibers 6 having loose ends 18 extending from the first surface 12. As shown in FIG. 4, the displaced fibers 6 extend from a first side 11 of the second region 4 and are separated and broken forming loose ends 18 along a second side 13 opposite the first side 11 proximate to the first surface 12. For the present invention, proximate to the first surface 12 means the fiber breakage occurs between the first surface 12 and the peak or distal portion 3 of the displaced fibers, preferably, closer to the first surface 12 than to the distal portion 3 of the displaced fibers 6.

The location of the fiber separation or breakage is primary attributed to the non extendable fibers forming the base substrate; however, displaced fiber formation and corresponding fiber breakage is also influenced by the extent of bonding used in forming the base substrate. A base substrate comprising fully bonded non extensible fibers provides a structure that due to its fiber strength, fiber stiffness, and bonding strength forms tent like structures at low fiber displacement deformations, as shown in the micrograph in FIG. 15. Once the fiber displacement deformation is extended, substantial fiber breakage is observed, typically concentrated on one side as shown in the micrograph in FIG. 16.

The purpose for creating the displaced fibers 6 having loose ends 18 in FIG. 4 is to increase the structured substrate specific volume over the base substrate specific volume by creating void volume. For the present invention it has been found that creating displaced fibers 6 having at least 50% and less than 100% loose ends in the second regions produces a structured substrate having an increased caliper and corresponding specific volume which is sustainable during use. (See Table 6 examples 1N5-1N9 provided below) In certain embodiments described further herein, the loose ends 18 of the displaced fibers 6 can be thermally bonded for improved compression resistance and corresponding sustainability. Displaced fibers 6 having thermally bonded loose ends and a process for producing the same are discussed more fully below.

As shown in FIG. 5, the displaced fibers 6 in second regions 4 exhibit a thickness or caliper which is greater than the thickness 32 of the first region 2 which typically will be the same as the base substrate thickness. The size and shape of the second regions 4 having displaced fibers 6 may vary depending on the technology used. FIG. 5 shows a cross section of the structured substrate 21 illustrating displaced fibers 6 in a second region 4. Displaced fiber 6 thickness 34 describes the thickness or caliper of the second region 4 of the structured substrate 21 resulting from the displaced fibers 6. As shown, the displaced fiber thickness 34 is greater than the first region thickness 32. It is preferred that displaced fiber thickness 34 be at least 110% greater than the first region thickness 32, more preferably at least 125% greater, and most preferably at least 150% greater than the first region thickness 32. The aged caliper for displaced fiber thickness 34 is between 0.1 mm and 5 mm, preferably between 0.2 mm and 2 mm and most preferably between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm.

The number of second regions 4 having displaced fibers 6 per unit area of structured substrate 21 can vary as shown in FIG. 3. In general, the area density need not be uniform across the entire area of structured substrate 21, but second regions 4 can be limited to certain regions of structured substrate 21, such as in regions having predetermined shapes, such as lines, stripes, bands, circles, and the like.

As shown in FIG. 3, the total area occupied by the second regions 4 is less than 75%, preferably less than 50% and more preferably less than 25% of the total area, but is at least 10%. The size of the second regions and spacing between second regions 4 can vary. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 show the length 36, width 38 and spacing 37 and 39 between second regions 4. The spacing 39 in the machine direction between the second regions 4 shown in FIG. 3 is preferably between 0.1 mm and 1000 mm, more preferably between 0.5 mm and 100 mm and most preferably between 1 mm and 10 mm. The side to side spacing 37 between the second regions 4 in the cross machine direction is between 0.2 mm and 16 mm, preferably between 0.4 mm and 10 mm, more preferably between 0.8 mm and 7 mm and most preferably between 1 mm and 5.2 mm.

As shown in FIG. 1, structured substrate 21 can be formed from a generally planar, two dimensional nonwoven base substrate 20 supplied from a supply roll 152. The base substrate 20 moves in the machine direction MD by apparatus 150 to a nip 116 formed by intermeshing rollers 104 and 102A which form displaced fibers 6 having loose ends 18. The structured substrate 21 having displaced fibers 6 optionally proceeds to nip 117 formed between roll 104 and bonding roll 156 which bonds the loose ends 18 of the displaced fibers 6. From there, structured substrate 22 proceeds to optionally intermeshing rolls 102B and 104 which removes structured substrate 22 from roll 104 and optionally conveys it to nip 119 formed between roll 102B and bonding roll 158 where over bond regions are formed in structured substrate 23 which is eventually taken up on supply roll 160. Although FIG. 1 illustrates the sequence of process steps as described, for base substrates which are not yet fully bonded it is desirable to reverse the process so that bonded regions are formed in the base substrate prior to forming displaced fibers 6. For this embodiment the base substrate 20 would be supplied from a supply roll similar to the take up supply roll 160 shown in FIG. 1 and moved to a nip 119 formed between roll 102B and bonding roll 158 where the substrate is bonded prior to entering nip 118 formed between intermeshing rolls 102B and 104 where displaced fibers 6 having loose ends 18 are formed in the second regions 4.

Although FIG. 1 shows base substrate 20 supplied from supply roll 152, the base substrate 20 can be supplied from any other supply means, such as festooned webs, as is known in the art. In one embodiment, base substrate 20 can be supplied directly from a web making apparatus, such as a nonwoven web-making production line.

As shown in FIG. 1, first surface 12 corresponds to first side of base substrate 20, as well as the first side of structured substrate 21. Second surface 14 corresponds to the second side of base substrate 20, as well as the second side of structured substrate 21. In general, the term “side” is used herein in the common usage of the term to describe the two major surfaces of generally two-dimensional webs, such as nonwovens. Base substrate 20 is a nonwoven web comprising substantially randomly oriented fibers, that is, randomly oriented at least with respect to the MD and CD. By “substantially randomly oriented” is meant random orientation that, due to processing conditions, may exhibit a higher amount of fibers oriented in the MD than the CD, or vice-versa. For example, in spunbonding and meltblowing processes continuous strands of fibers are deposited on a support moving in the MD. Despite attempts to make the orientation of the fibers of the spunbond or meltblown nonwoven web truly “random,” usually a higher percentage of fibers are oriented in the MD as opposed to the CD.

In some embodiments of the present invention it may be desirable to purposely orient a significant percentage of fibers in a predetermined orientation with respect to the MD in the plane of the web. For example, it may be that, due to tooth spacing and placement on roll 104 (as discussed below), it may be desirable to produce a nonwoven web having a predominant fiber orientation at an angle of, for example, 60 degrees off parallel to the longitudinal axis of the web. Such webs can be produced by processes that combine lapping webs at the desired angle, and, if desired carding the web into a finished web. A web having a high percentage of fibers having a predetermined angle can statistically bias more fibers to be formed into displaced fibers in structured substrate 21, as discussed more fully below.

Base substrate 20 can be provided either directly from a web making process or indirectly from a supply roll 152, as shown in FIG. 1. Base substrate 20 can be preheated by means known in the art, such as by heating over oil-heated or electrically heated rollers. For example, roll 154 could be heated to pre-heat the base substrate 20 prior to the fiber displacement process.

As shown in FIG. 1, supply roll 152 rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow as base substrate 20 is moved in the machine direction over roller 154 and to the nip 116 of a first set of counter-rotating intermeshing rolls 102A and 104. Rolls 102A and 104 are the first set of intermeshing rollers of apparatus 150. The first set of intermeshing rolls 102A and 104 operate to form displaced fibers and to facilitate fiber breakage in base substrate 20, to make structured substrate referred to herein after as structured substrate 21. Intermeshing rolls 102A and 104 are more clearly shown in FIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown in more detail the portion of apparatus 150 for making displaced fibers on structured substrate 21 of the present invention. This portion of apparatus 150 is shown as nip rollers 100 in FIG. 2, and comprises a pair of intermeshing rolls 102 and 104 (corresponding to rolls 102A and 104, respectively, in FIG. 1), each rotating about an axis A, the axes A being parallel in the same plane. Although the apparatus 150 is designed such that base substrate 20 remains on roll 104 through a certain angle of rotation, FIG. 2 shows in principle what happens as base substrate 20 goes through nip 116 on apparatus 150 and exits as structured substrate 21 having regions of displaced fibers 6. The intermeshing rolls can be made from metal or plastic. Non-limiting examples of metal rolls would be aluminum or steel. Non-limiting examples of plastic rolls would be polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polyphenylene oxide (PPO). The plastics can be filled with metals or inorganic additive materials.

As shown in FIG. 2, roll 102 comprises a plurality of ridges 106 and corresponding grooves 108 which can extend unbroken about the entire circumference of roll 102. In some embodiments, depending on what kind of pattern is desired in structured substrate 21, roll 102 (and, likewise, roll 102A) can comprise ridges 106 wherein portions have been removed, such as by etching, milling or other machining processes, such that some or all of ridges 106 are not circumferentially continuous, but have breaks or gaps. The breaks or gaps can be arranged to form a pattern, including simple geometric patters such as circles or diamonds, but also including complex patterns such as logos and trademarks. In one embodiment, roll 102 can have teeth, similar to the teeth on roll 104, described more fully below. In this manner, it is possible to have displaced fibers 6 on both sides 12, 14 of structured substrate 21.

Roll 104 is similar to roll 102, but rather than having ridges that can extend unbroken about the entire circumference, roll 104 comprises a plurality of rows of circumferentially-extending ridges that have been modified to be rows of circumferentially-spaced teeth 110 that extend in spaced relationship about at least a portion of roll 104. The individual rows of teeth 110 of roll 104 are separated by corresponding grooves 112. In operation, rolls 102 and 104 intermesh such that the ridges 106 of roll 102 extend into the grooves 112 of roll 104 and the teeth 110 of roll 104 extend into the grooves 108 of roll 102. The intermeshing is shown in greater detail in the cross sectional representation of FIG. 7, discussed below. Both or either of rolls 102 and 104 can be heated by means known in the art such as by using hot oil filled rollers or electrically-heated rollers.

As shown in FIG. 3, structured substrate 21 has a first region 2 defined on both sides of structured substrate 21 by the generally planar, two-dimensional configuration of the base substrate 20, and a plurality of discrete second regions 4 defined by spaced-apart displaced fibers 6 and discontinuities 16 which can result from integral extensions of the fibers of the base substrate 20. The structure of second regions 4 is differentiated depending on which side of structured substrate 21 is considered. For the embodiment of structured substrate 21 shown in FIG. 3, on the side of structured substrate 21 associated with first surface 12 of structured substrate 21, each discrete second region 4 can comprise a plurality of displaced fibers 6 extending outwardly from first surface 12 and having loose ends 18. Displaced fibers 6 comprise fibers having a significant orientation in the Z-direction, and each displaced fiber 6 has a base 5 disposed along a first side 11 of the second region 4 proximal to the first surface 12, a loose end 18 separated or broken at a second side 13 of the second region 4 opposite the first side 11 near the first surface 12 and a distal portion 3 at a maximum distance in the Z-direction from the first surface 12. On the side of structured substrate 21 associated with second surface 14, second region 4 comprises discontinuities 16 which are defined by fiber orientation discontinuities 16 on the second surface 14 of structured substrate 21. The discontinuities 16 correspond to the locations where teeth 110 of roll 104 penetrated base substrate 20.

As used herein, the term “integral” as in “integral extension” when used of the second regions 4 refers to fibers of the second regions 4 having originated from the fibers of the base substrate 20. Therefore, the broken fibers 8 of displaced fibers 6, for example, can be plastically deformed and/or extended fibers from the base substrate 20, and can be, therefore, integral with first regions 2 of structured substrate 21. In other words, some, but not all of the fibers have been broken, and such fibers had been present in base substrate 20 from the beginning. As used herein, “integral” is to be distinguished from fibers introduced to or added to a separate precursor web for the purpose of making displaced fibers. While some embodiments of structured substrates 21, 22 and 23 of the present invention may utilize such added fibers, in a preferred embodiment, broken fibers 8 of displaced fibers 6 are integral to structured substrate 21.

It can be appreciated that a suitable base substrate 20 for a structured substrate 21 of the present invention having broken fibers 8 in displaced fibers 6 should comprise fibers having sufficient fiber immobility and/or plastic deformation to break and form loose ends 18. Such fibers are shown as loose fiber ends 18 in FIGS. 4 and 5. For the present invention, loose fiber ends 18 of displaced fibers 6 are desirable for producing void space or free volume for collecting fluid. In a preferred embodiment at least 50%, more preferably at least 70% and less than 100% of the fibers urged in the Z-direction are broken fibers 8 having loose ends 18.

The second regions 4 can be shaped to form patterns in both the X-Y plane and the Z-plane to target specific volume distributions that can vary in shape, size and distribution.

Representative second region having displaced fibers 6 for the embodiment of structured substrate 21 shown in FIG. 2 is shown in a further enlarged view in FIGS. 3-6. The representative displaced fibers 6 are of the type formed on an elongated tooth 110 on roll 104, such that the displaced fibers 6 comprises a plurality of broken fibers 8 that are substantially aligned such that the displaced fibers 6 have a distinct longitudinal orientation and a longitudinal axis L. Displaced fibers 6 also have a transverse axis T generally orthogonal to longitudinal axis L in the MD-CD plane. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2-6, longitudinal axis L is parallel to the MD. In one embodiment, all the spaced apart second regions 4 have generally parallel longitudinal axes L. In preferred embodiments second regions 4 will have a longitudinal orientation, i.e. second regions will have an elongate shape and will not be circular. As shown in FIG. 4, and more clearly in FIGS. 5 and 6, when elongated teeth 110 are utilized on roll 104, one characteristic of the broken fibers 8 of displaced fibers 6 in one embodiment of structured substrate 21 is the predominant directional alignment of the broken fibers 8. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, many of broken fibers 8 can have a substantially uniform alignment with respect to transverse axis T when viewed in plan view, such as in FIG. 6. By “broken” fibers 8 is meant that displaced fibers 6 begin on the first side 11 of second regions 4 and are separated along a second side 13 of second regions 4 opposite the first side 11 in structured substrate 21.

As can be understood with respect to apparatus 150, therefore, displaced fibers 6 of structured substrate 21 are made by mechanically deforming base substrate 20 that can be described as generally planar and two dimensional. By “planar” and “two dimensional” is meant simply that the web is flat relative to the finished structured substrate 1 that has distinct, out-of-plane, Z-direction three-dimensionality imparted due to the formation of second regions 4. “Planar” and “two-dimensional” are not meant to imply any particular flatness, smoothness or dimensionality. As base substrate 20 goes through the nip 116 the teeth 110 of roll 104 enter grooves 108 of roll 102A and simultaneously urge fibers out of the plane of base substrate 20 to form second regions 4, including displaced fibers 6 and discontinuities 16. In effect, teeth 110 “push” or “punch” through base substrate 20. As the tip of teeth 110 push through base substrate 20 the portions of fibers that are oriented predominantly in the CD and across teeth 110 are urged by the teeth 110 out of the plane of base substrate 20 and are stretched, pulled, and/or plastically deformed in the Z-direction, resulting in formation of second region 4, including the broken fibers 8 of displaced fibers 6. Fibers that are predominantly oriented generally parallel to the longitudinal axis L, i.e., in the machine direction of base substrate 20, can be simply spread apart by teeth 110 and remain substantially in the first region 2 of base substrate 20.

In FIG. 2, the apparatus 100 is shown in one configuration having one patterned roll, e.g., roll 104, and one non-patterned grooved roll 102. However, in certain embodiments it may be preferable to form nip 116 by use of two patterned rolls having either the same or differing patterns, in the same or different corresponding regions of the respective rolls. Such an apparatus can produce webs with displaced fibers 6 protruding from both sides of the structured web 21, as well as macro-patterns embossed into the web 21.

The number, spacing, and size of displaced fibers 6 can be varied by changing the number, spacing, and size of teeth 110 and making corresponding dimensional changes as necessary to roll 104 and/or roll 102. This variation, together with the variation possible in base substrate 20 and the variation in processing, such as line speeds, permits many varied structured webs 21 to be made for many purposes.

From the description of structured web 21, it can be seen that the broken fibers 8 of displaced fibers 6 can originate and extend from either the first surface 12 or the second surface 14 of structured substrate 21. Of course the broken fibers 8 of displaced fibers 6 can also extend from the interior 19 of structured substrate 21. As shown in FIG. 5, the broken fibers 8 of displaced fibers 6 extend due to having been urged out of the generally two-dimensional plane of base substrate 20 (i.e., urged in the “Z-direction” as shown in FIG. 3). In general, the broken fibers 8 or loose ends 18 of the second regions 4 comprise fibers that are integral with and extend from the fibers of the fibrous web first regions 2.

The extension of broken fibers 8 can be accompanied by a general reduction in fiber cross sectional dimension (e.g., diameter for round fibers) due to plastic deformation of the fibers and the effects of Poisson's ratio. Therefore, portions of the broken fibers 8 of displaced fibers 6 can have an average fiber diameter less than the average fiber diameter of the fibers of base substrate 20 as well as the fibers of first regions 2. It has been found that the reduction in fiber cross-sectional dimension is greatest intermediate the base 5 and the loose ends 3 of displaced fibers 6. This is believed to be due to portions of fibers at the base 5 and distal portion 3 of displaced fibers 6 are adjacent the tip of teeth 110 of roll 104, described more fully below, such that they are frictionally locked and immobile during processing. In the present invention the fiber cross section reduction is minimal due to the high fiber strength and low fiber elongation.

FIG. 7 shows in cross section a portion of the intermeshing rolls 102 (and 102A and 102B, discussed below) and 104 including ridges 106 and teeth 110. As shown teeth 110 have a tooth height TH (note that TH can also be applied to ridge 106 height; in a preferred embodiment tooth height and ridge height are equal), and a tooth-to-tooth spacing (or ridge-to-ridge spacing) referred to as the pitch P. As shown, depth of engagement, (DOE) E is a measure of the level of intermeshing of rolls 102 and 104 and is measured from tip of ridge 106 to tip of tooth 110. The depth of engagement E, tooth height TH, and pitch P can be varied as desired depending on the properties of base substrate 20 and the desired characteristics of structured substrate 1 of the present invention. For example, in general, to obtain broken fibers 8 in displaced fibers 6 requires a level of engagement E sufficient to elongate and plastically deform the displaced fibers to a point where the fibers break. Also, the greater the density of second regions 4 desired (second regions 4 per unit area of structured substrate 1), the smaller the pitch should be, and the smaller the tooth length TL and tooth distance TD should be, as described below.

FIG. 8 shows a portion of one embodiment of a roll 104 having a plurality of teeth 110 useful for making a structured substrate 21 or structured substrate 1 of spunbond nonwoven material from a spunbond nonwoven base substrate 20. An enlarged view of teeth 110 shown in FIG. 8 is shown in FIG. 9. In this view of roll 104, teeth 110 have a uniform circumferential length dimension TL of about 1.25 mm measured generally from the leading edge LE to the trailing edge TE at the tooth tip 111, and are uniformly spaced from one another circumferentially by a distance TD of about 1.5 mm. For making a fibrous structured substrate 1 from a base substrate 20, teeth 110 of roll 104 can have a length TL ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm and a spacing TD from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm, a tooth height TH ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, and a pitch P between about 1 mm (0.040 inches) and 2.54 mm (0.100 inches). Depth of engagement E can be from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm (up to a maximum approaching the tooth height TH). Of course, E, P, TH, TD and TL can each be varied independently of each other to achieve a desired size, spacing, and area density of displaced fibers 6 (number of displaced fibers 6 per unit area of structured substrate 1).

As shown in FIG. 9, each tooth 110 has a tip 111, a leading edge LE and a trailing edge TE. The tooth tip 111 can be rounded to minimize fiber breakage and is preferably elongated and has a generally longitudinal orientation, corresponding to the longitudinal axes L of second regions 4. It is believed that to get the displaced fibers 6 of the structured substrate 1, the LE and TE should be very nearly orthogonal to the local peripheral surface 120 of roll 104. As well, the transition from the tip 111 and the LE or TE should be a relatively sharp angle, such as a right angle, having a sufficiently small radius of curvature such that, in use the teeth 110 push through base substrate 20 at the LE and TE. An alternative tooth tip 111 can be a flat surface to optimize bonding.

Referring back to FIG. 1, after displaced fibers 6 are formed, structured substrate 21 may travel on rotating roll 104 to nip 117 between roll 104 and a first bonding roll 156. Bonding roll 156 can facilitate a number of bonding techniques. For example, bonding roll 156 can be a heated steel roller for imparting thermal energy in nip 117, thereby melt-bonding adjacent fibers of structured web 21 at the distal ends (tips) of displaced fibers 6.

In a preferred embodiment, as discussed in the context of a preferred structured substrate below, bonding roll 156 is a heated roll designed to impart sufficient thermal energy to structured web 21 so as to thermally bond adjacent fibers of the distal ends of displaced fibers 6. Thermal bonding can be by melt-bonding adjacent fibers directly, or by melting an intermediate thermoplastic agent, such as polyethylene powder, which in turn, adheres adjacent fibers. Polyethylene powder can be added to base substrate 20 for such purposes.

First bonding roll 156 can be heated sufficiently to melt or partially melt fibers at the distal ends 3 of displaced fibers 6. The amount of heat or heat capacity necessary in first bonding roll 156 depends on the melt properties of the fibers of displaced fibers 6 and the speed of rotation of roll 104. The amount of heat necessary in first bonding roll 156 also depends on the pressure induced between first bonding roll 156 and tips of teeth 110 on roll 104, as well as the degree of melting desired at distal ends 3 of displaced fibers 6.

In one embodiment, first bonding roll 156 is a heated steel cylindrical roll, heated to have a surface temperature sufficient to melt-bond adjacent fibers of displaced fibers 6. First bonding roll 156 can be heated by internal electrical resistance heaters, by hot oil, or by any other means known in the art for making heated rolls. First bonding roll 156 can be driven by suitable motors and linkages as known in the art. Likewise, first bonding roll can be mounted on an adjustable support such that nip 117 can be accurately adjusted and set.

FIG. 10 shows a portion of structured substrate 21 after being processed through nip 117 to be structured substrate 22, which, without further processing can be a structured substrate 21 of the present invention. Structured substrate 22 is similar to structured substrate 21 as described earlier, except that the distal ends 3 of displaced fibers 6 are bonded, and are preferably thermally melt-bonded such that adjacent fibers are at least partially bonded to form distally-disposed melt-bonded portions 9. After forming displaced fibers 6 by the process described above, the distal portions 3 of displaced fibers 6 can be heated to thermally join portions of fibers such that adjacent fiber portions are joined to one another to form displaced fibers 6 having melt-bonded portions 9, also referred to as “tip bonding”.

The distally-disposed melt-bonded portions 9 can be made by application of thermal energy and pressure to the distal portions of displaced fibers 6. The size and mass of the distally-disposed melt-bonded portions 9 can be modified by modifying the amount of heat energy imparted to the distal portions of displaced fibers 6, the line speed of apparatus 150, and the method of heat application.

In another embodiment, distally-disposed melt-bonded portions 9 can be made by application of radiant heat. That is, in one embodiment bonding roll 156 can be replaced or supplemented by a radiant heat source, such that radiant heat can be directed toward structured substrate 21 at a sufficient distance and corresponding sufficient time to cause fiber portions in the distally-disposed portions of displaced fibers 6 to soften or melt. Radiant heat can be applied by any of known radiant heaters. In one embodiment, radiant heat can be provided by a resistance-heated wire disposed in relation to structured substrate 21 such that it is extended in the CD direction at a sufficiently-close, uniformly-spaced distance that as the web is moved in relation to the wire, radiant heat energy at least partially melts the distally-disposed portions of displaced fibers 6. In another embodiment, a heated flat iron, such as a hand-held iron for ironing clothes, can be held adjacent the distal ends 3 of displaced fibers 6, such that melting is effected by the iron.

The benefit of processing the structured substrate 22 as described above is that the distal ends 3 of displaced fibers 6 can be melted under a certain amount of pressure in nip 117 without compressing or flattening displaced fibers 6. As such, a three-dimensional web can be produced and set, or “locked in” to shape, so to speak by providing for thermal bonding after forming.

Moreover, the distally-disposed bonded or melt-bonded portions 9 can aid in maintaining the lofty structure of displaced fibers 6 and aged caliper of the structured substrate when structured substrate 22 is subjected to compression or shearing forces. For example, a structured substrate 22 processed as disclosed above to have displaced fibers 6 comprising fibers integral with but extending from first region 2 and having distally-disposed melt-bonded portions 9 can have improved shape retention after compression due to winding onto a supply roll and subsequently unwinding. It is believed that by bonding together adjacent fibers at distal portions of displaced fibers 6, the fibers experience less random collapse upon compression; that is, the entire structure of displaced fibers 6 tends to move together, thereby permitting better shape retention upon a disordering event such as compression and/or shear forces associated with rubbing the surface of the web. When used in a wiping or rubbing application, the bonded distal ends of displaced fibers 6 can also reduce fuzzing or pilling of structured substrate 1.

In an alternate embodiment described in reference to FIG. 1, substrate 20 is moved in the machine direction over roller 154 and to the nip 116 of the first set of counter-rotating intermeshing rolls 102A and 104 where the depth of engagement is between 0.01 inch and 0.15 inch such that partial fiber displacement occurs but there is little, if any, fiber breakage. The web then proceeds to nip 117 formed between roll 104 and bonding roll 156 where tips of the partial displaced fibers are bonded. After passing through nip 117, the structured substrate 22 proceeds to nip 118 formed between roll 104 and 102B where the depth of engagement is greater than the depth of engagement at nip 116 such that the displaced fibers are further displaced forming broken fibers. This process can result in a larger number of the displaced fibers 6 being joined by the melt-bonded portions 9.

Over Bonding

Over bonding refers to melt bonding performed on a substrate that has been previously undergone fiber displacement. Over bonding is an optional process step. The over bonding can be done in-line, or can alternatively, be done on a separate converting process.

The over bonding relies upon heat and pressure to fuse the filaments together in a coherent pattern. A coherent pattern is defined as a pattern that is reproducible along the length of the structured substrate so that a repeat pattern can be observed. The over bonding is done through a pressurized roller nip in which at least one of the rolls is heated, preferably both rolls are heated. If the over bonding is done when the base substrate is already heated, then the pressurized roller nip would not need to be heated. Examples of patterns of over bond regions 11 are shown in FIGS. 12A through 12F; however, other over bond patterns are possible. FIG. 12F shows over bond regions 11 forming a continuous pattern in the machine direction. FIG. 12B shows continuous over bond regions 11 in both the machine and cross-directions so that a continuous network of over bonds 11 is formed. This type of system can be produced with a single-step over bonding roll or multiple roll bonding systems. FIG. 12C shows over bond regions 11 that are discontinuous in the machine direction. The MD over bond pattern shown in FIG. 12C could also include over bond regions 11 in the CD connecting the MD over bond lines in a continuous or non-continuous design. FIG. 12D shows over bond regions 11 forming a wave pattern in the MD. FIG. 12E shows over bond regions 11 forming a herringbone pattern while FIG. 12F shows a wavy herringbone pattern.

The over bond patterns do not need to be evenly distributed and can be contoured to suit a specific application. The total area affected by over bonding is less than 75% of the total area of the fibrous web, preferably less than 50%, more preferably less than 30% and most preferably less than 25%, but should be at least 3%.

FIG. 13 illustrates the characteristics of over bonding. The over bonded region 11 has a thickness property relative to the first region thickness 32 of the base substrate 20 measured in-between the over bonded regions. The over bonded region 11 has a compressed thickness 42. The over bonded region has a characteristic width 44 on the structured substrate 21 and a spacing 46 between over bond regions.

The first region thickness 32 is preferably between 0.1 mm and 1.5 mm, more preferably between 0.15 mm and 1.3 mm, more preferably between 0.2 mm and 1.0 mm and most preferably between 0.25 mm and 0.7 mm. Over bonded region thickness 42 is preferably between 0.01 mm and 0.5 mm, more preferably between 0.02 mm and 0.25 mm, still more preferably between 0.03 mm and 0.1 mm and most preferably between 0.05 mm and 0.08 mm. The width 44 of the overbonded region 11 is between 0.05 mm and 15 mm, more preferably between 0.075 mm and 10 mm, still more preferably between 0.1 mm and 7.5 mm and most preferably between 0.2 mm and 5 mm. The spacing 46 between overbonded regions 11 is not required to be uniform in the structured substrate 21, but the extremes will fall within the range of 0.2 mm and 16 mm, preferably between 0.4 mm and 10 mm, more preferably between 0.8 mm and 7 mm and most preferably between 1 mm and 5.2 mm. Spacing 46, width 44 and thickness 42 of the over bonded regions 11 is based on the properties desired for the structured substrate 21 such as tensile strength and fluid handling properties.

FIG. 13 shows that the over bonds 11 having over bond thickness 42 can be created on one side of the structured substrate 21. FIG. 14 shows that the over bonds 11 can be on either side of the structured substrate 21 depending on the method used to make the structured substrate 21. Over bonds 11 on both sides 12, 14 of the structured substrate 21 may be desired to create tunnels when the structured substrate is combined with other nonwovens to further aid in the management of fluids. For instance, a double sided structured substrate may be used in a multi-layered high volume fluid acquisition system.

Over Bonding Process

Referring to the apparatus in FIG. 1, structured substrate 23 can have bonded portions that are not, or not only, at distally-disposed portions of displaced fibers 6. For example, by using a mating ridged roller instead of a flat, cylindrical roll for bonding roll 156 other portions of the structured substrate 23 such as at locations on the first surface 12 in the first regions 2 between the second regions 4 can be bonded. For instance, continuous lines of melt-bonded material could be made on first surface 12 between rows of displaced fibers 6. The continuous lines of melt-bonded material form over bonded regions 11 as previously described.

In general, while one first bonding roll 156 is illustrated, there may be more than one bonding roll at this stage of the process, such that bonding takes place in a series of nips 117 and/or involving different types of bonding rolls 156. Further, rather than being only a bonding roll, similar rolls can be provided to transfer various substances to base substrate 20 or structured web 21, such as various surface treatments to impart functional benefits. Any processes known in the art for such application of treatments can be utilized.

After passing through nip 117, structured substrate 22 proceeds to nip 118 formed between roll 104 and 102B, with roll 102B preferably being identical to roll 102A. The purpose of going around roll 102B is to remove structured substrate 22 from roll 104 without disturbing the displaced fibers 6 formed thereon. Because roll 102B intermeshes with roll 104 just as roll 102A did, displaced fibers 6 can fit into the grooves 108 of roll 102B as structured substrate 22 is wrapped around roll 102B. After passing through nip 118, structured substrate 22 can be taken up on a supply roll for further processing as structured substrate 23 of the present invention. However, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, structured substrate 22 is processed through nip 119 between roll 102B and second bonding roll 158. Second bonding roll 158 can be identical in design to first bonding roll 156. Second bonding roll 158 can provide sufficient heat to at least partially melt a portion of the second surface 14 of structured substrate 22 to form a plurality of non-intersecting, substantially continuous over bond regions 11 corresponding to the nip pressures between the tips of ridges 106 of roll 102B and the generally flat, smooth surface of roll 158.

Second bonding roll 158 can be used as the only bonding step in the process (i.e., without first having structured substrate 22 formed by bonding the distal ends of displaced fibers 6). In such a case structured web 22 would be a structured web 23 with bonded portions on the second side 14 thereof. However, in general, structured web 23 is preferably a double over bonded structured web 22 having bonded distal ends of displaced fibers 6 (tip bonding) and a plurality of non-intersecting, substantially continuous melt-bonded regions on first side 12 or second side 14 thereon.

Finally, after structured substrate 23 is formed, it can be taken up on a supply roll 160 for storage and further processing as a component in other products.

In an alternate embodiment a second substrate 21A can be added to the structured substrate 21 using the process shown in FIG. 1A. The second substrate 21A can be a film, a nonwoven or a second base substrate as previously described. For this embodiment, base substrate 20 is moved in the machine direction over roller 154 and to the nip 116 of the first set of counter-rotating intermeshing rolls 102A and 104 where the fibers are fully displaced forming broken fibers. The web then proceeds to nip 117 formed between roll 104 and bonding roll 156 where second substrate 21A is introduced and bonded to the distal portions 3 of the displaced fibers 6. After passing through nip 117, the structured substrate 22 proceeds to nip 118 formed between rolls 104 and 102B where the depth of engagement is zero such that rolls 104 and 102B are not engaged, or the depth of engagement is less than the depth of engagement formed at nip 116 between rolls 102A and 104 such that the no additional fiber displacement occurs in the structured substrate. Alternatively, for this embodiment, the depth of engagement at nip 118 can be set such that deformation occurs in the second substrate 21A but no additional fiber displacement occurs in the structured substrate 22. In other words, the depth of engagement at nip 118 is still less than the depth of engagement at nip 116.

Materials

The composition used to form fibers for the base substrate of the present invention can include thermoplastic polymeric and non-thermoplastic polymeric materials. The thermoplastic polymeric material must have rheological characteristics suitable for melt spinning. The molecular weight of the polymer must be sufficient to enable entanglement between polymer molecules and yet low enough to be melt spinnable. For melt spinning, thermoplastic polymers have molecular weights below about 1,000,000 g/mol, preferably from about 5,000 g/mol to about 750,000 g/mol, more preferably from about 10,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol and even more preferably from about 50,000 g/mol to about 400,000 g/mol. Unless specified elsewhere, the molecular weight indicated is the number average molecular weight.

The thermoplastic polymeric materials are able to solidify relatively rapidly, preferably under extensional flow, and form a thermally stable fiber structure, as typically encountered in known processes such as a spin draw process for staple fibers or a spunbond continuous fiber process. Preferred polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, polypropylene and polypropylene copolymers, polyethylene and polyethylene copolymers, polyester and polyester copolymers, polyamide, polyimide, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyacrylates, and copolymers thereof and mixtures thereof. Other suitable polymeric materials include thermoplastic starch compositions as described in detail in U.S. publications 2003/0109605A1 and 2003/0091803. Other suitable polymeric materials include ethylene acrylic acid, polyolefin carboxylic acid copolymers, and combinations thereof. The polymers described in US publications U.S. Pat. No. 6,746,766, U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,295, U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,506 and US application 03/0092343. Common thermoplastic polymer fiber grade materials are preferred, most notably polyester based resins, polypropylene based resins, polylactic acid based resin, polyhydroxyalkonoate based resin, and polyethylene based resin and combination thereof. Most preferred are polyester and polypropylene based resins.

Nonlimiting examples of thermoplastic polymers suitable for use in the present invention include aliphatic polyesteramides; aliphatic polyesters; aromatic polyesters including polyethylene terephthalates (PET) and copolymer (coPET), polybutylene terephthalates and copolymers; polytrimethylene terephthalates and copolymers; polypropylene terephthalates and copolymers; polypropylene and propylene copolymers; polyethylene and polyethylene copolymers; aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters; polycaprolactones; poly(hydroxyalkanoates) including poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hexanoate), or other higher poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-alkanoates) as referenced in U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,692 to Noda, herein incorporated by reference; polyesters and polyurethanes derived from aliphatic polyols (i.e., dialkanoyl polymers); polyamides; polyethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymers; lactic acid polymers including lactic acid homopolymers and lactic acid copolymers; lactide polymers including lactide homopolymers and lactide copolymers; glycolide polymers including glycolide homopolymers and glycolide copolymers; and mixtures thereof. Preferred are aliphatic polyesteramides, aliphatic polyesters, aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters, lactic acid polymers, and lactide polymers.

Certain polyesters suitable for use in forming the structured fibrous web described herein can be at partially derived from renewable resources. Such polyesters can include alkylene terephthalates. Such suitable alkylene terephthaltes at least partially derived from renewable resources can include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polycyclohexylene dimethyl terephthalate (PCT), and combinations thereof. For example, such bio-sourced alkylene terephthalates are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,666,501; U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2009/0171037, 2009/0246430, 2010/0028512, 2010/0151165, 2010/0168371, 2010/0168372, 2010/0168373, and 2010/0168461; and PCT Publication No. WO 2010/078328, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

An alternative to bio-sourced PET can include Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF), which can be produced from renewable materials. PEF can be a renewable or partially renewable polymer that has similar thermal and crystallization properties to PET. PEF serve as either a sole replacement or a blend with petro based PET (or another suitable polymer) in spunbond fibers and the subsequent production of a non-woven based on these fibers with renewable materials. Examples of these PEFs are described in PCT Publication Nos. WO 2009/076627 and WO 2010/077133, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Suitable lactic acid and lactide polymers include those homopolymers and copolymers of lactic acid and/or lactide which have a weight average molecular weight generally ranging from about 10,000 g/mol to about 600,000 g/mol, preferably from about 30,000 g/mol to about 400,000 g/mol, more preferably from about 50,000 g/mol to about 200,000 g/mol. An example of commercially available polylactic acid polymers includes a variety of polylactic acids that are available from the Chronopol Incorporation located in Golden, Colo., and the polylactides sold under the tradename EcoPLA®. Examples of suitable commercially available polylactic acid are NATUREWORKS from Cargill Dow and LACEA from Mitsui Chemical. Preferred is a homopolymer or copolymer of poly lactic acid having a melting temperature from about 160° to about 175° C. Modified poly lactic acid and different stereo configurations may also be used, such as poly L-lactic acid and poly D,L-lactic acid with D-isomer levels up to 75%. Optional racemic combinations of D and L isomers to produce high melting temperature PLA polymers are also preferred. These high melting temperature 1 L polymers are special PLA copolymers (with the understanding that the D-isomer and L-isomer are treated as different stereo monomers) with melting temperatures above 180° C. These high melting temperatures are achieved by special control of the crystallite dimensions to increase the average melting temperature. Certain polylactic acid fibers which can be used in place of other polyesters, such as PET, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,175, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Depending upon the specific polymer used, the process, and the final use of the fiber, more than one polymer may be desired. The polymers of the present invention are present in an amount to improve the mechanical properties of the fiber, the opacity of the fiber, optimize the fluid interaction with the fiber, improve the processability of the melt, and improve attenuation of the fiber. The selection and amount of the polymer will also determine if the fiber is thermally bondable and affect the softness and texture of the final product. The fibers of the present invention may comprise a single polymer, a blend of polymers, or be multicomponent fibers comprising more than one polymer. The fibers in the present invention are thermally bondable.

Multiconstituent blends may be desired. For example, blends of polyethylene and polypropylene (referred to hereafter as polymer alloys) can be mixed and spun using this technique. Another example would be blends of polyesters with different viscosities or monomer content. Multicomponent fibers can also be produced that contain differentiable chemical species in each component. Non-limiting examples would include a mixture of 25 melt flow rate (MFR) polypropylene with 50 MFR polypropylene and 25 MFR homopolymer polypropylene with 25 MFR copolymer of polypropylene with ethylene as a comonomer.

The more preferred polymeric materials have melting temperatures above 110° C., more preferably above 130° C., even more preferably above 145° C., still more preferably above 160° C. and most preferably above 200° C. A still further preference for the present invention is polymers with high glass transition temperatures. Glass transition temperatures above −10° C. in the end-use fiber form are preferred, more preferably above 0° C., still more preferably above 20° C. and most preferably above 50° C. This combination of properties produces fibers that are stable at elevated temperatures. Exemplary examples of materials of this type are polypropylene, polylactic acid based polymers, and polyester terephthalate (PET) based polymer systems.

Validation of Polymers Derived from Renewable Resources

A suitable validation technique is through ¹⁴C analysis. A small amount of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is radioactive. This ¹⁴C carbon dioxide is created when nitrogen is struck by an ultra-violet light produced neutron, causing the nitrogen to lose a proton and form carbon of molecular weight 14 which is immediately oxidized to carbon dioxide. This radioactive isotope represents a small but measurable fraction of atmospheric carbon. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is cycled by green plants to make organic molecules during photosynthesis. The cycle is completed when the green plants or other forms of life metabolize the organic molecules, thereby producing carbon dioxide which is released back to the atmosphere. Virtually all forms of life on Earth depend on this green plant production of organic molecules to grow and reproduce. Therefore, the ¹⁴C that exists in the atmosphere becomes part of all life forms, and their biological products. In contrast, fossil fuel based carbon does not have the signature radiocarbon ratio of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Assessment of the renewably based carbon in a material can be performed through standard test methods. Using radiocarbon and isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis, the bio-based content of materials can be determined. ASTM International, formally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, has established a standard method for assessing the bio-based content of materials. The ASTM method is designated ASTM D6866-10.

The application of ASTM D6866-10 to derive a “bio-based content” is built on the same concepts as radiocarbon dating, but without use of the age equations. The analysis is performed by deriving a ratio of the amount of organic radiocarbon (¹⁴C) in an unknown sample to that of a modern reference standard. The ratio is reported as a percentage with the units “pMC” (percent modern carbon).

The modern reference standard used in radiocarbon dating is a NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) standard with a known radiocarbon content equivalent approximately to the year AD 1950. AD 1950 was chosen since it represented a time prior to thermo-nuclear weapons testing which introduced large amounts of excess radiocarbon into the atmosphere with each explosion (termed “bomb carbon”). The AD 1950 reference represents 100 pMC.

“Bomb carbon” in the atmosphere reached almost twice normal levels in 1963 at the peak of testing and prior to the treaty halting the testing. Its distribution within the atmosphere has been approximated since its appearance, showing values that are greater than 100 pMC for plants and animals living since AD 1950. It's gradually decreased over time with today's value being near 107.5 pMC. This means that a fresh biomass material such as corn could give a radiocarbon signature near 107.5 pMC.

Combining fossil carbon with present day carbon into a material will result in a dilution of the present day pMC content. By presuming 107.5 pMC represents present day biomass materials and 0 pMC represents petroleum derivatives, the measured pMC value for that material will reflect the proportions of the two component types. A material derived 100% from present day soybeans would give a radiocarbon signature near 107.5 pMC. If that material was diluted with 50% petroleum derivatives, for example, it would give a radiocarbon signature near 54 pMC (assuming the petroleum derivatives have the same percentage of carbon as the soybeans).

A biomass content result is derived by assigning 100% equal to 107.5 pMC and 0% equal to 0 pMC. In this regard, a sample measuring 99 pMC will give an equivalent bio-based content value of 92%.

Assessment of the materials described herein was done in accordance with ASTM D6866. The mean values quoted in this report encompasses an absolute range of 6% (plus and minus 3% on either side of the bio-based content value) to account for variations in end-component radiocarbon signatures. It is presumed that all materials are present day or fossil in origin and that the desired result is the amount of biobased component “present” in the material, not the amount of biobased material “used” in the manufacturing process.

In one embodiment, a structured fibrous web comprises a bio-based content value from about 10% to about 100% using ASTM D6866-10, method B. In another embodiment, a structured fibrous web comprises a bio-based content value from about 25% to about 75% using ASTM D6866-10, method B. In yet another embodiment, a structured fibrous web comprises a bio-based content value from about 50% to about 60% using ASTM D6866-10, method B.

In order to apply the methodology of ASTM D6866-10 to determine the bio-based content of any structure fibrous web, a representative sample of the structure fibrous web must be obtained for testing. In one embodiment, the structure fibrous web can be ground into particulates less than about 20 mesh using known grinding methods (e.g., Wiley® mill), and a representative sample of suitable mass taken from the randomly mixed particles.

Optional Materials

Optionally, other ingredients may be incorporated into the spinnable composition used to form fibers for the base substrate. The optional materials may be used to modify the processability and/or to modify physical properties such as opacity, elasticity, tensile strength, wet strength, and modulus of the final product. Other benefits include, but are not limited to, stability, including oxidative stability, brightness, color, flexibility, resiliency, workability, processing aids, viscosity modifiers, and odor control. Examples of optional materials include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, colored pigments, and combinations thereof. Further additives including, but not limited to, inorganic fillers such as the oxides of magnesium, aluminum, silicon, and titanium may be added as inexpensive fillers or processing aides. Other suitable inorganic materials include, but are not limited to, hydrous magnesium silicate, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, clay, chalk, boron nitride, limestone, diatomaceous earth, mica glass quartz, and ceramics. Additionally, inorganic salts, including, but not limited to, alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts and phosphate salts may be used.

Optionally, other ingredients may be incorporated into the composition. These optional ingredients may be present in quantities of less than about 50%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 20%, and more preferably from about 0.1% to about 12% by weight of the composition. The optional materials may be used to modify the processability and/or to modify physical properties such as elasticity, tensile strength and modulus of the final product. Other benefits include, but are not limited to, stability including oxidative stability, brightness, flexibility, color, resiliency, workability, processing aids, viscosity modifiers, biodegradability, and odor control. Nonlimiting examples include salts, slip agents, crystallization accelerators or retarders, odor masking agents, cross-linking agents, emulsifiers, surfactants, cyclodextrins, lubricants, other processing aids, optical brighteners, antioxidants, flame retardants, dyes, pigments, fillers, proteins and their alkali salts, waxes, tackifying resins, extenders, and mixtures thereof. Slip agents may be used to help reduce the tackiness or coefficient of friction in the fiber. Also, slip agents may be used to improve fiber stability, particularly in high humidity or temperatures. A suitable slip agent is polyethylene. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) may also be added to the polymeric composition. Especially important are polymer additives used to reduce static electricity build-up in the production and use of polyester thermoplastic materials, particularly PET. Such preferred materials are acetaldehyde acid scavengers, ethoxylated sorbitol esters, glycerol esters, alkyl sulphonate, combinations and mixtures thereof and derivative compounded.

Further additives including inorganic fillers such as the oxides of magnesium, aluminum, silicon, and titanium may be added as inexpensive fillers or processing aides. Other inorganic materials include hydrous magnesium silicate, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate, clay, chalk, boron nitride, limestone, diatomaceous earth, mica glass quartz, and ceramics. Additionally, inorganic salts, including alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, phosphate salts, may be used as processing aides. Other optional materials that modify the water responsiveness of the thermoplastic starch blend fiber are stearate based salts, such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, and other stearates, as well as rosin component, such as gum rosin.

Hydrophilic agents can be added to the polymeric composition. The hydrophilic agents can be added in standard methods known to those skilled in the art. The hydrophilic agents can be low molecular weight polymeric materials or compounds. The hydrophilic agent can also be a polymeric material with higher molecular weight. The hydrophilic agent can be present in an amount from 0.01 wt % to 90 wt %, with preferred range of 0.1 wt % to 50 wt % and a still more preferred range of 0.5 wt % to 10 wt %. The hydrophilic agent can be added when the initial resin is produced at the resin manufacturer, or added as masterbatch in the extruder when the fibers are made. Preferred agents are polyester polyether, polyester polyether copolymers and nonionic polyester compounds for polyester bases polymers. Ethoxylated low and high molecular weight polyolefinic compounds can also be added. Compatibilizing agents can be added to these materials to aid in better processing for these materials, and to make for a more uniform and homogenous polymeric compound. One skilled in the art would understand that using compatibilizing agents can be added in a compounding step to produce polymer alloys with melt additives not inherently effective with the base polymer. For example, a base polypropylene resin can be combined with a hydrophilic polyester polyether copolymer through the use of maleated polypropylene as a compatibilizer agent.

Fibers

The fibers forming the base substrate in the present invention may be monocomponent or multicomponent. The term “fiber” is defined as a solidified polymer shape with a length to thickness ratio of greater than 1,000. The monocomponent fibers of the present invention may also be multiconstituent. Constituent, as used herein, is defined as meaning the chemical species of matter or the material. Multiconstituent fiber, as used herein, is defined to mean a fiber containing more than one chemical species or material. Multiconstituent and alloyed polymers have the same meaning in the present invention and can be used interchangeably. Generally, fibers may be of monocomponent or multicomponent types. Component, as used herein, is defined as a separate part of the fiber that has a spatial relationship to another part of the fiber. The term multicomponent, as used herein, is defined as a fiber having more than one separate part in spatial relationship to one another. The term multicomponent includes bicomponent, which is defined as a fiber having two separate parts in a spatial relationship to one another. The different components of multicomponent fibers are arranged in substantially distinct regions across the cross-section of the fiber and extend continuously along the length of the fiber. Methods for making multicomponent fibers are well known in the art. Multicomponent fiber extrusion was well known in the 1960's. DuPont was a lead technology developer of multicomponent capability, with U.S. Pat. No. 3,244,785 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,704,971 providing a technology description of the technology used to make these fibers. “Bicomponent Fibers” by R. Jeffries from Merrow Publishing in 1971 laid a solid groundwork for bicomponent technology. More recent publications include “Taylor-Made Polypropylene and Bicomponent Fibers for the Nonwoven Industry,” Tappi Journal December 1991 (p103) and “Advanced Fiber Spinning Technology” edited by Nakajima from Woodhead Publishing.

The nonwoven fabric formed in the present invention may contain multiple types of monocomponent fibers that are delivered from different extrusion systems through the same spinneret. The extrusion system, in this example, is a multicomponent extrusion system that delivers different polymers to separate capillaries. For instance, one extrusion system would deliver polyester terephthalate and the other a polyester terephthalate copolymer such that the copolymer composition melts at a different temperatures. In a second example, one extrusion system might deliver a polyester terephthalate resin and the other polypropylene. In a third example, one extrusion system might deliver a polyester terephthalate resin and the other an additional polyester terephthalate resin that has a molecular weight different from the first polyester terephthalate resin. The polymer ratios in this system can range from 95:5 to 5:95, preferably from 90:10 to 10:90 and 80:20 to 20:80.

Bicomponent and multicomponent fibers may be in a side-by-side, sheath-core, segmented pie, ribbon, islands-in-the-sea configuration, or any combination thereof. The sheath may be continuous or non-continuous around the core. Non-inclusive examples of exemplarily multicomponent fibers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,746,766. The ratio of the weight of the sheath to the core is from about 5:95 to about 95:5. The fibers of the present invention may have different geometries that include, but are not limited to; round, elliptical, star shaped, trilobal, multilobal with 3-8 lobes, rectangular, H-shaped, C-shaped, 1-shape, U-shaped and other various eccentricities. Hollow fibers can also be used. Preferred shapes are round, trilobal and H-shaped. The round and trilobal fiber shapes can also be hollow.

A “highly attenuated fiber” is defined as a fiber having a high draw down ratio. The total fiber draw down ratio is defined as the ratio of the fiber at its maximum diameter (which is typically results immediately after exiting the capillary) to the final fiber diameter in its end use. The total fiber draw down ratio will be greater than 1.5, preferable greater than 5, more preferably greater than 10, and most preferably greater than 12. This is necessary to achieve the tactile properties and useful mechanical properties.

The fiber “diameter” of the shaped fiber of the present invention is defined as the diameter of a circle which circumscribes the outer perimeter of the fiber. For a hollow fiber, the diameter is not of the hollow region but of the outer edge of the solid region. For a non-round fiber, fibers diameters are measured using a circle circumscribed around the outermost points of the lobes or edges of the non-round fiber. This circumscribed circle diameter may be referred to as that fiber's effective diameter. Preferably, the highly attenuated multicomponent fiber will have an effective fiber diameter of less than 500 micrometers. More preferably the effective fiber diameter will be 250 micrometer or less, even more preferably 100 micrometers or less, and most preferably less than 50 micrometers. Fibers commonly used to make nonwovens will have an effective fiber diameter of from about 5 micrometers to about 30 micrometers. Fibers in the present invention tend to be larger than those found in typical spunbond nonwovens. As such fibers with effective diameters less than 10 micrometers are not of use. Fibers useful in the present invention have an effective diameter greater than about 10 microns, more preferably greater than 15 micrometers, and most preferably greater than 20 micrometers. Fiber diameter is controlled by spinning speed, mass through-put, and blend composition. When the fibers in the present invention are made into a discrete layer, that layer can be combined with additional layers that may contain small fibers, even nano-dimension fibers.

The term spunlaid diameter refers to fibers having an effective diameter greater than about 12.5 micrometers up to 50 micrometers. This diameter range is produced by most standard spunlaid equipment. Micrometers and micron (μm) mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably. Meltblown diameters are smaller than spunlaid diameters. Typically, meltblown diameters are from about 0.5 to about 12.5 micrometers. Preferable meltblown diameters range from about 1 to about 10 micrometers.

Because the diameter of shaped fibers can be hard to determine, the denier of the fiber is often referenced. Denier is defined as the mass of a fiber in grams at 9000 linear meters of length, expressed as dpf (denier per filament). Thus, the inherent density of the fiber is also factored in when converting from diameter to denier and visa versa. For the present invention, the preferred denier range is greater than 1 dpf and less than 100 dpf. A more preferred denier range is 1.5 dpf to 50 dpf and a still more preferred range from 2.0 dpf to 20 dpf, and a most preferred range of 4 dpf to 10 dpf. An example of the denier to diameter relationship for polypropylene is a 1 dpf fiber of polypropylene that is solid round with a density of about 0.900 g/cm³ has a diameter of about 12.55 micrometers.

For the present invention, it is desirable for the fibers to have limited extensibility and exhibit a stiffness to withstand compressive forces. The fibers of the present invention will have individual fiber breaking loads of greater than 5 grams per filament. Tensile properties of fibers are measured following a procedure generally described by ASTM standard D 3822-91 or an equivalent test, but the actual test that was used is fully described below. The tensile modulus (initial modulus as specified in ASTM standard D 3822-91 unless otherwise specified) should be greater than 0.5 GPa (giga pascals), more preferably greater than 1.5 GPa, still more preferably more than 2.0 GPa and most preferably greater than 3.0 GPa. The higher tensile modulus will produce stiffer fibers that provide a sustainable specific volume. Examples will be provided below.

The hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the fibers can be adjusted in the present invention. The base resin properties can have hydrophilic properties via copolymerization (such as the case for certain polyesters (EASTONE from Eastman Chemical, the sulfopolyester family of polymers in general) or polyolefins such as polypropylene or polyethylene) or have materials added to the base resin to render it hydrophilic. Exemplarily examples of additives include CIBA Irgasurf® family of additives. The fibers in the present invention can also be treated or coated after they are made to render them hydrophilic. In the present invention, durable hydrophilicity is preferred. Durable hydrophilicity is defined as maintaining hydrophilic characteristics after more than one fluid interaction. For example, if the sample being evaluated is tested for durable hydrophilicity, water can be poured on the sample and wetting observed. If the sample wets out it is initially hydrophilic. The sample is then completely rinsed with water and dried. The rinsing is best done by putting the sample in a large container and agitating for ten seconds and then drying. The sample after drying should also wet out when contacted again with water.

The fibers of the present invention are thermally stable. Fiber thermal stability is defined as having less than 30% shrinkage in boiling water, more preferably less than 20% shrinkage and most preferably less than 10% shrinkage. Some fibers in the present invention will have shrinkage less than 5%. The shrinkage is determined by measuring the fiber length before and after being placed in boiling water for one minute. Highly attenuated fibers would enable production of thermally stable fibers.

The fiber shapes used in the base substrate in the present invention may consist of solid round, hollow round and various multi-lobal shaped fibers, among other shapes. A mixture of shaped fibers having cross-sectional shapes that are distinct from one another is defined to be at least two fibers having cross-sectional shapes that are different enough to be distinguished when examining a cross-sectional view with a scanning electron microscope. For example, two fibers could be trilobal shape but one trilobal having long legs and the other trilobal having short legs. Although not preferred, the shaped fibers could be distinct if one fiber is hollow and another solid even if the overall cross-sectional shape is the same.

The multi-lobal shaped fibers may be solid or hollow. The multi-lobal fibers are defined as having more than one inflection point along the outer surface of the fiber. An inflection point is defined as being a change in the absolute value of the slope of a line drawn perpendicular to the surface of fiber when the fiber is cut perpendicular to the fiber axis. Shaped fibers also include crescent shaped, oval shaped, square shaped, diamond shaped, or other suitable shapes.

Solid round fibers have been known to the synthetic fiber industry for many years. These fibers have a substantially optically continuous distribution of matter across the width of the fiber cross section. These fibers may contain micro voids or internal fibrillation but are recognized as being substantially continuous. There are no inflection points for the exterior surface of solid round fibers.

The hollow fibers of the present invention, either round or multi-lobal shaped, will have a hollow region. A solid region of the hollow fiber surrounds the hollow region. The perimeter of the hollow region is also the inside perimeter of the solid region. The hollow region may be the same shape as the hollow fiber or the shape of the hollow region can be non-circular or non-concentric. There may be more than one hollow region in a fiber.

The hollow region is defined as the part of the fiber that does not contain any material. It may also be described as the void area or empty space. The hollow region will comprise from about 2% to about 60% of the fiber. Preferably, the hollow region will comprise from about 5% to about 40% of the fiber. More preferably, the hollow region comprises from about 5% to about 30% of the fiber and most preferably from about 10% to about 30% of the fiber. The percentages are given for a cross sectional region of the hollow fiber (i.e. two dimensional).

The percent of hollow region must be controlled for the present invention. The percent hollow region is preferably greater than 2% or the benefit of the hollow region is not significant. However, the hollow region is preferably less than 60% or the fiber may collapse. The desired percent hollow depends upon the materials used, the end use of the fiber, and other fiber characteristics and uses.

The average fiber diameter of two or more shaped fibers having cross-sectional shapes that are distinct from on another is calculated by measuring each fiber type's average denier, converting the denier of each shaped fiber into the equivalent solid round fiber diameter, adding the average diameters together of each shaped fiber weighted by their percent total fiber content, and dividing by the total number of fiber types (different shaped fibers). The average fiber denier is also calculated by converting the average fiber diameter (or equivalent solid round fiber diameter) through the relationship of the fiber density. A fiber is considered having a different diameter if the average diameter is at least about 10% higher or lower. The two or more shaped fibers having cross-sectional shapes that are distinct from one another may have the same diameter or different diameters. Additionally, the shaped fibers may have the same denier or different denier. In some embodiments, the shaped fibers will have different diameters and the same denier.

Multi-lobal fibers include, but are not limited to, the most commonly encountered versions such as trilobal and delta shaped. Other suitable shapes of multi-lobal fibers include triangular, square, star, or elliptical. These fibers are most accurately described as having at least one slope inflection point. A slope inflection point is defined as the point along the perimeter of the surface of a fiber where the slope of the fiber changes. For example, a delta shaped trilobal fiber would have three slope inflection points and a pronounced trilobal fiber would have six slope inflection points. Multilobal fibers in the present invention will generally have less than about 50 slope inflection points, and most preferably less than about 20 slope inflection points. The multi-lobal fibers can generally be described as non-circular, and may be either solid or hollow.

The mono and multiconstituent fibers of the present invention may be in many different configurations. Constituent, as used herein, is defined as meaning the chemical species of matter or the material. Fibers may be of monocomponent in configuration. Component, as used herein, is defined as a separate part of the fiber that has a spatial relationship to another part of the fiber.

After the fiber is formed, the fiber may further be treated or the bonded fabric can be treated. A hydrophilic or hydrophobic finish can be added to adjust the surface energy and chemical nature of the fabric. For example, fibers that are hydrophobic may be treated with wetting agents to facilitate absorption of aqueous liquids. A bonded fabric can also be treated with a topical solution containing surfactants, pigments, slip agents, salt, or other materials to further adjust the surface properties of the fiber.

The fibers in the present invention can be crimped, although it is preferred that they are not crimped. Crimped fibers are generally produced in two methods. The first method is mechanical deformation of the fiber after it is already spun. Fibers are melt spun, drawn down to the final filament diameter and mechanically treated, generally through gears or a stuffer box that imparts either a two dimensional or three dimensional crimp. This method is used in producing most carded staple fibers; however, carded staple fiber fabrics are not preferred because the fibers are not continuous and the fabrics produced from crimped fibers are generally very lofty before the fiber deformation technology is used. The second method for crimping fibers is to extrude multicomponent fibers that are capable of crimping in a spunlaid process. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that a number of methods of making bicomponent crimped spunbond fibers exists; however, for the present invention, three main techniques are considered for making crimped spunlaid nonwovens. The first is crimping that occurs in the spinline due to differential polymer crystallization in the spinline, a result of differences in polymer type, polymer molecular weight characteristics (e.g. molecular weight distribution) or additives content. A second method is differential shrinkage of the fibers after they have been spun into a spunlaid substrate. For instance, heating the spunlaid web can cause fibers to shrink due to differences in crystallinity in the as-spun fibers, for example during the thermal bonding process. A third method of causing crimping is to mechanically stretch the fibers or spunlaid web (generally for mechanical stretching the web has been bonded together). The mechanical stretching can expose differences in the stress-strain curve between the two polymer components, which can cause crimping.

The last two methods are commonly called latent crimping processes because they have to be activated after the fibers are spun. In the present invention, there is an order of preference for use of crimped fibers. Carded staple fiber fabrics can be used, so long as they have a base substrate thickness of less than 1.3 mm. Spunlaid or spunbond fabrics are preferred because they contain continuous filaments, which can be crimped, as long as the base substrate thickness or caliper is less than 1.3 mm. For the present invention, the base substrate contains less than 100 wt % crimped fibers, preferably less than 50 wt % crimped fibers, more preferably less than 20 wt % crimped fibers, more preferably less than 10 wt % and most preferably 0 wt % crimped fibers. Uncrimped fibers are preferred because the crimping process can reduce the amount of fluids transferred on the surface of the fibers and also the crimping can reduce the inherent capillarity of the base substrate by decreasing the specific density of the base substrate.

Short length fibers are defined as fibers having a length of less than 50 mm. In the present invention, continuous fibers are preferred over short cut fibers as they provide two additional benefits. The first benefit is that fluids can be transferred greater distances without fiber ends, thus providing enhanced capillarity. The second benefit is that continuous fibers produce base substrates with higher tensile strengths and stiffness, because the bonded network has continuous matrix of fibers that collectively are more inter-connected than one composed of short length fibers. It is preferred that the base substrate of the present invention contain very few short length fibers, preferably less than 50 wt % short length fibers, more preferably less than 20 wt % short length fibers, more preferably less than 10 wt % and most preferably 0 wt % short length fibers.

The fibers produced for the base substrate in the present invention are preferably thermally bondable. Thermally bondable in the present invention is defined as fibers that soften when they are raised near or above their peak melting temperature and that stick or fuse together under the influence of at least low applied pressures. For thermal bonding, the total fiber thermoplastic content should be more than 30 wt %, preferably more than 50 wt %, still more preferably more than 70 wt % and most preferably more than 90 wt %.

Spunlaid Process

The fibers forming the base substrate in the present invention are preferably continuous filaments forming spunlaid fabrics. Spunlaid fabrics are defined as unbonded fabrics having basically no cohesive tensile properties formed from essentially continuous filaments. Continuous filaments are defined as fibers with high length to diameter ratios, with a ratio of more than 10,000:1. Continuous filaments in the present invention that compose the spunlaid fabric are not staple fibers, short cut fibers or other intentionally made short length fibers. The continuous filaments in the present invention are on average, more than 100 mm long, preferably more than 200 mm long. The continuous filaments in the present invention are also not crimped, intentionally or unintentionally.

The spunlaid processes in the present invention are made using a high speed spinning process as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,802,817; 5,545,371; 6,548,431 and 5,885,909. In these melt spinning processes, extruders supply molten polymer to melt pumps, which deliver specific volumes of molten polymer that transfer through a spinpack, composed of a multiplicity of capillaries formed into fibers, where the fibers are cooled through an air quenching zone and are pneumatically drawn down to reduce their size into highly attenuated fibers to increase fiber strength through molecular level fiber orientation. The drawn fibers are then deposited onto a porous belt, often referred to as a forming belt or forming table.

The spunlaid process in the present invention used to make the continuous filaments will contain 100 to 10,000 capillaries per meter, preferably 200 to 7,000 capillaries per meter, more preferably 500 to 5,000 capillaries per meter, and still more preferably 1,000 to 3,000 capillaries per meter. The polymer mass flow rate per capillary in the present invention will be greater than 0.3 GHM (grams per hole per minute). The preferred range is from 0.4 GHM to 15 GHM, preferably between 0.6 GHM and 10 GHM, still more preferred between 0.8 GHM and 5 GHM and the most preferred range from 1 GHM to 4 GHM.

The spunlaid process in the present invention contains a single process step for making the highly attenuated, uncrimped continuous filaments. Extruded filaments are drawn through a zone of quench air where they are cooled and solidified as they are attenuated. Such spunlaid processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,338,992, U.S. Pat. No. 3,802,817, U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,014 U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,468, U.S. Pat. No. 6,548,431B1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,908,292B2 and US Application 2007/0057414A1. The technology described in EP 1340843B1 and EP 1323852B1 can also be used to produce the spunlaid nonwovens. The highly attenuated continuous filaments are directly drawn down from the exit of the polymer from the spinneret to the attenuation device, wherein the continuous filament diameter or denier does not change substantially as the spunlaid fabric is formed on the forming table. A preferred spunlaid process in the current invention includes a drawing device that pneumatically draws the fibers between the spinneret exits to the pneumatic drawing device enabling fibers to lay down onto the forming belt. The process differs from other spunlaid processes that mechanically draw the fibers from the spinneret.

The spunlaid process for the present invention produces, in a single step; thermally stable, continuous, uncrimped fibers that have a defined inherent tensile strength, fiber diameter or denier as disclosed earlier. Preferred polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, polypropylene and polypropylene copolymers, polyethylene and polyethylene copolymers, polyester and polyester copolymers, polyamide, polyimide, polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoate, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene vinyl alcohol, polyacrylates, and copolymers thereof and mixtures thereof. Other suitable polymeric materials include thermoplastic starch compositions as described in detail in U.S. publications 2003/0109605A1 and 2003/0091803. Still other suitable polymeric materials include ethylene acrylic acid, polyolefin carboxylic acid copolymers, and combinations thereof. The polymers described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,746,766, U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,295, U.S. Pat. No. 6,946,506 and US Published Application 03/0092343. Common thermoplastic polymer fiber grade materials are preferred, most notably polyester based resins, polypropylene based resins, polylactic acid based resin, polyhydroxyalkonoate based resin, and polyethylene based resin and combination thereof. Most preferred are polyester and polypropylene based resins. Exemplary polyester terephthalate (here after referred to as polyester unless stated otherwise) resins are Eastman F61HC (IV=0.61 dl/g), Eastman 9663 (IV=0.80 dl/g), DuPont Crystar 4415 (IV=0.61 gl/g). A suitable copolyester is Eastman 9921 (IV-0.81). The polyester intrinsic viscosity (IV) range suitable for the present invention ranges from 0.3 dl/g to 0.9 dl/g, preferably from 0.45 dl/g to 0.85 dl/g and more preferably from 0.55 dl/g to 0.82 dl/g. Intrinsic viscosity is a measure of polymer molecular weight and is well known to those skilled in polymer art. Polyester fibers in the present invention may be alloys, monocomponent and shaped. A preferred embodiment is polyester fibers that are multilobal, preferably trilobal, that are produced from a 0.61 dl/g resin with a denier between 3 dpf and 8 dpf. Although PET is most commonly referenced in this invention, other polyester terephthalate polymers can be used, such as PBT, PTT, PCT.

It has been unexpectedly discovered that a specific combination of resin properties can be used in a spunbond process to produce a thermally bonded PET nonwoven at high denier. Eastman F61HC PET polymer and Eastman 9921 coPET have been found to provide an ideal combination for producing thermally bondable, yet thermally stable fibers. The unexpected discovery is that F61HC and 9921 can be extruded through separate capillaries in a ratio ranging from 70:30 to 90:10 (F61HC:9921 ratio) and the resultant web can be thermally bonded together to produce a nonwoven that is thermally stable. Thermally stable in this example is defined as having less than 10% shrinkage in the MD in boiling water after 5 minutes. The thermal stability is achieved through a spinning speed greater than 4000 meter/minute and producing filament deniers ranging from 1 dpf to 10 dpf in both round and shaped fibers. Basis weights ranging from 5 g/m² to 100 g/m² have been produced. These fabrics have been produced with thermal point bonding. These types of fabrics can be used in a wide range of applications, such as disposable absorbent articles, dryer sheets, and roof felting. If desired, a multibeam system can be used alone or can have a fine fiber diameter layer placed in between two spunlaid layers and then bonded together.

An additional preferred embodiment is the use of polypropylene fibers and spunlaid nonwovens. The preferred resin properties for polypropylene are melt flow rates between 5 MFR (melt flow rate in grams per 10 minutes) and 400 MFR, with a preferred range between 10 MFR and 100 MFR and a still more preferred range between 15 MFR and 65 MFR with the most preferred range between 23 MFR and 40 MFR. The method used to measure MFR is outlined in ASTM D1238 measured at 230° C. with a mass of 2.16 kg.

The nonwoven products produced from the monocomponent and multicomponent fibers will also exhibit certain properties, particularly, strength, flexibility, softness, and absorbency. Measures of strength include dry and/or wet tensile strength. Flexibility is related to stiffness and can attribute to softness. Softness is generally described as a physiologically perceived attribute which is related to both flexibility and texture. Absorbency relates to the products' ability to take up fluids as well as the capacity to retain them. Absorbency in the present invention does not involve the internal regions of the fiber itself up taking water, such as is found with pulp fibers, regenerated cellulose fibers (e.g. rayon). Because some thermoplastic polymers inherently take-up small amount of water (e.g. polyamides), the water uptake is limited to less than 10 wt %, preferably less than 5 wt % and most preferably less than 1 wt %. The absorbency in the present invention arises from the hydrophilicity of the fibers and nonwoven structure and depends primarily on the fiber surface area, pore size, and bonding intersections. Capillarity is the general phenomenon used to describe the fluid interaction with the fibrous substrate. The nature of capillarity is well understood to those skilled in the art and is presented in detail in “Nonwovens: Theory, Process, Performance and Testing” by Albin Turbak, Chapter 4.

The spunlaid web forming the base substrate in the present invention will have an absorbency uptake or holding capacity (C_(holding)) between 1 g/g (gram per gram) to 10 g/g, more preferably between 2 g/g and 8 g/g and most preferably between 3 g/g and 7 g/g. This uptake measurement is done by weighing a dry sample (in grams) that is 15 cm long in MD and 5 cm wide in CD, dry weight is m_(dry) then submerging the sample in distilled water for 30 seconds and then removing the sample from water, suspending it vertically (in MD) for 10 seconds and then weighing the sample again, wet weight is m_(wet). The final wet sample weight (m_(wet)) minus the dry sample weight (m_(dry)) divided by the dry samples weight (m_(dry)) gives the absorbency or holding capacity for the sample (C_(holding)). i.e.:

$C_{holding}:=\frac{m_{wet} - m_{dry}}{m_{dry}}$

The structured substrates have similar holding capacity.

The spunlaid process in the current invention will produce a spunlaid nonwoven with a desired basis weight. Basis weight is defined as a fiber/nonwoven mass per unit area. For the present invention, the basis weight of the base substrate is between 10 g/m² and 200 g/m², with a preferred range between 15 g/m² and 100 g/m², with a more preferred range between 18 g/m² and 80 g/m² and even a more preferred range between 25 g/m² and 72 g/m². The most preferred range is between 30 g/m² and 62 g/m².

The first step in producing a multiconstituent fiber is the compounding or mixing step. In the compounding step, the raw materials are heated, typically under shear. The shearing in the presence of heat will result in a homogeneous melt with proper selection of the composition. The melt is then placed in an extruder where fibers are formed. A collection of fibers is combined together using heat, pressure, chemical binder, mechanical entanglement, and combinations thereof resulting in the formation of a nonwoven web. The nonwoven is then modified and assembled into a base substrate.

The objective of the compounding step is to produce a homogeneous melt composition. For multiconstituent blends, the purpose of this step is to melt blend the thermoplastic polymers materials together where the mixing temperature is above the highest melting temperature thermoplastic component. The optional ingredients can also be added and mixed together. Preferably, the melt composition is homogeneous, meaning that a uniform distribution is found over a large scale and that no distinct regions are observed. Compatibilizing agents can be added to combine materials with poor miscibility, such as when polylactic acid is added to polypropylene or thermoplastic starch is added to polypropylene.

Twin-screw compounding is well known in the art and is used to prepare polymer alloys or to properly mix together polymers with optional materials. Twin-screw extruders are generally a stand alone process used between the polymer manufacture and the fiber spinning step. In order to reduce cost, the fiber extrusion can begin with twin-screw extruder such that the compounding is directly coupled with fiber making. In certain types of single screw extruders, good mixing and compatibilization can occur in-line.

The most preferred mixing device is a multiple mixing zone twin screw extruder with multiple injection points. A twin screw batch mixer or a single screw extrusion system can also be used. As long as sufficient mixing and heating occurs, the particular equipment used is not critical.

The present invention utilizes the process of melt spinning. In melt spinning, there is no mass loss in the extrudate. Melt spinning is differentiated from other spinning, such as wet or dry spinning from solution, where a solvent is being eliminated by volatilizing or diffusing out of the extrudate resulting in a mass loss.

Spinning will occur at 120° C. to about 350° C., preferably 160° to about 320°, most preferably from 190° C. to about 300°. Fiber spinning speeds of greater than 100 meters/minute are required. Preferably, the fiber spinning speed is from about 1,000 to about 10,000 meters/minute, more preferably from about 2,000 to about 7,000, and most preferably from about 2,500 to about 5,000 meters/minute. The polymer composition must be spun fast to make strong and thermally stable fibers, as determined by single fiber testing and thermal stability of the base substrate or structured substrate.

The homogeneous melt composition can be melt spun into monocomponent or multicomponent fibers on commercially available melt spinning equipment. The equipment will be chosen based on the desired configuration of the multicomponent fiber. Commercially available melt spinning equipment is available from Hills, Inc. located in Melbourne, Fla. An outstanding resource for fiber spinning (monocomponent and multicomponent) is “Advanced Fiber Spinning Technology” by Nakajima from Woodhead Publishing. The temperature for spinning range from about 120° C. to about 350° C. The processing temperature is determined by the chemical nature, molecular weights and concentration of each component. Examples of air attenuation technology are sold commercially by Hill's Inc, Neumag and REICOFIL. An example of technology suitable for the present invention is the Reifenhauser REICOFIL 4 spunlaid process. These technologies are well known in the nonwoven industry.

Fluid Handling

The structured substrate of the present invention can be used to manage fluids. Fluid management is defined as the intentional movement of fluid through control of the structured substrate properties. In the present invention, fluid management is achieved through two steps. The first step is engineering the base substrate properties through fiber shape, fiber denier, basis weight, bonding method, and surface energy. The second step involves engineering the void volume generated through fiber displacement.

The following base substrates were produced at Hills Inc on a 0.5 m wide spunbond line. The specifics are mentioned in each example. Measured properties of the materials produced in Examples 1, 2, 4, and 7 are produced in the tables provided below.

Example 1

Spunbond fabrics were produced composed of 90 wt % Eastman F61HC PET resin and 10 wt % Eastman 9921 coPET. The spunbond fabrics were produced using a pronounced trilobal spinneret that had 1.125 mm length and 0.15 mm width with a round end point. The hydraulic length-to-diameter ratio was 2.2:1. The spinpack had 250 capillaries of which 25 extruded the coPET resin and 225 extruded the PET resin. The beam temperature used was 285° C. The spinning distance was 33 inches and the forming distance was 34 inches. Different distances could be used in this and subsequent examples, but distance indicated provided the best results. The remainder of the relevant process data is included in Table 1-3.

Comparative Example 1

Spunbond fabrics were produced composed of 90 wt % Eastman F61HC PET resin and 10 wt % Eastman 20110. The spunbond fabrics were produced using a pronounced trilobal spinneret that had 1.125 mm length and 0.15 mm width with a round end point. The hydraulic length-to-diameter ratio was 2.2:1. The spinpack had 250 capillaries of which 25 extruded the coPET resin and 225 extruded the PET resin. The beam temperature used was 285° C. The spinning distance was 33 inches and the forming distance was 34 inches. It was difficult to produce thermally stable spunbond nonwovens with this polymer combination. The coPET fibers were not thermally stable and caused the entire fiber structure to shrink when heated above 100° C. The MD fabric shrinkage was 20%.

Example 2

Spunbond fabrics were produced composed of 100 wt % Eastman F61HC PET. The spunbond fabrics were produced using a pronounced trilobal spinneret that had 1.125 mm length and 0.15 mm width with a round end point. The hydraulic length-to-diameter ratio was 2.2:1. The spinpack had 250 capillaries. The beam temperature used was 285° C. The spinning distance was 33 inches and the forming distance was 34 inches. The remainder of the relevant process data is included in Table 1-3.

Example 3

Spunbond fabrics were produced composed of 90 wt % Eastman F61HC PET resin and 10 wt % Eastman 9921 coPET. The spunbond fabrics were produced using a standard trilobal spinneret that had 0.55 mm length and 0.127 mm width with a round end point with radius 0.18 mm. The hydraulic length-to-diameter ratio was 2.2:1. The spinpack had 250 capillaries of which 25 extruded the coPET resin and 225 extruded the PET resin. The beam temperature used was 285° C. The spinning distance was 33 inches and the forming distance was 34 inches. The remainder of the relevant process data is included in Table 4-6.

Comparative Example 2

Spunbond fabrics were produced composed of 90 wt % Eastman F61HC PET resin and 10 wt % Eastman 20110. The spunbond fabrics were produced using a standard trilobal spinneret that had 0.55 mm length and 0.127 mm width with a round end point with radius 0.18 mm. The hydraulic length-to-diameter ratio 2.2:1. The spinpack had 250 capillaries of which 25 extruded the coPET resin and 225 extruded the PET resin. The beam temperature used was 285° C. The spinning distance was 33 inches and the forming distance was 34 inches. It was difficult to produce thermally stable spunbond nonwovens with this polymer combination. The coPET fibers were not thermally stable and caused the entire fiber structure to shrink when heated above 100° C. The MD fabric shrinkage was 20%.

Example 4

Spunbond fabrics were produced composed of 90 wt % Eastman F61HC PET resin and 10 wt % Eastman 9921 coPET. The spunbond fabrics were produced using a solid round spinneret with capillary exit diameter of 0.35 mm and length-to-diameter ratio 4:1. The spinpack had 250 capillaries of which 25 extruded the coPET resin and 225 extruded the PET resin. The beam temperature used was 285° C. The spinning distance was 33 inches and the forming distance was 34 inches. The remainder of the relevant process data is included in Table 7-9.

Comparative Example 3

Spunbond fabrics were produced composed of 90 wt % Eastman F61HC PET resin and 10 wt % Eastman 20110. The spunbond fabrics were produced using a solid round spinneret with capillary exit diameter of 0.35 mm and length-to-diameter ratio 4:1. The spinpack had 250 capillaries of which 25 extruded the coPET resin and 225 extruded the PET resin. The beam temperature used was 285° C. The spinning distance was 33 inches and the forming distance was 34 inches. It was difficult to produce thermally stable spunbond nonwovens with this polymer combination. The coPET fibers were not thermally stable and caused the entire fiber structure to shrink when heated above 100° C. The MD fabric shrinkage was 20%.

Sample Description: The following information provides sample description nomenclature used to identify the examples in the tables of data provided below.

-   -   The first number references the example number in which it was         produced.     -   The letter following the number is to designate a sample         produced under a different condition in the example description,         which is described broadly. This letter and number combination         specifies production of a base substrate.     -   A number following the letter designates production of a         structured substrate, which is described in the patent.         Different numbers indicate different conditions used to produce         the structured substrate.

There are two reference samples included in the present invention to compare the base substrate and structured substrate samples vs carded resin bonded samples.

-   -   43 g/m²—Consisting of 30% styrene butadiene latex binder and 70%         of a fiber mix. The fiber mix contains a 40:60 mixture of 6den         solid round PET fibers and 9den solid round PET fibers         respectively.     -   60 g/m²—Consisting of 30% (carboxylated) styrene butadiene latex         binder and 70% of a fiber mix. The fiber mix contains a 50:50         mixture of 6den solid round PET fibers and 9 den hollow spiral         PET fibers (25-40% hollow) respectively.

If samples in any of the methods being disclosed have been previously aged or has been removed from a product, they should be stored at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity for 24 hours with no compression, prior to any of the testing protocols. The samples after this aging would be referred to as “as-produced”.

Definitions and Test Method for Properties in Invention: The test methods for properties in the property tables are listed below. Unless specified otherwise, all tests are carried out at about 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity. Unless specified explicitly, the specific synthetic urine used is made with 0.9% (by weight) saline (NaCL) solution made with deinonized water.

-   -   Mass Throughput: Measures the polymer flow rate per capillary,         measured in grams per hole per minute (GHM) and is calculated         based on polymer melt density, polymer melt pump displacement         per revolution and number of capillaries fed by the melt pump.     -   Shape: Designates the fiber shape based on the capillary         geometry listed in the Example Designation.     -   Actual Basis Weight: The preferred basis weight is measured by         cutting out at least ten 7500 mm² (50 mm wide by 150 mm long         sample size) sample areas at random from the sample and weighing         them to within ±1 mg, then averaging the mass by the total         number of samples weighed. Basis Weight units are in grams per         square meter (g/m²). If 7500 mm² square area cannot be used for         basis weight measurement, then the sample size can be reduced         down to 2000 mm², (for example 100 mm by 20 mm sample size or 50         mm by 40 mm sample size), but the number of samples should be         increased to at least 20 measurements. The actual basis weight         is determined by dividing the average mass by the sample area         and making sure the units are in grams per square meter.     -   Fabric Thickness: Thickness is also referred to as caliper and         the two words are used interchangeably. Fabric thickness and         fresh caliper refer to the caliper without any aging conditions.         The test conditions for as-produced caliper are measured at 0.5         kPa and at least five measurements are averaged. A typical         testing device is a Thwing Albert ProGage system. The diameter         of the foot is between 50 mm to 60 mm. The dwell time is 2         seconds for each measurement. The sample must be stored at         23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity for 24 hours with no         compression, then subjected to the fabric thickness measurement.         The preference is to make measurements on the base substrate         before modification, however, if this material is not available         an alternative method can be used. For a structured substrate,         the thickness of the first regions in between the second regions         (displaced fiber regions) can be determined by using a         electronic thickness gauge (for instance available from         McMaster-Carr catalog as Mitutoyo No 547-500). These electronic         thickness gauges can have the tips changed to measure very small         areas. These devises have a preloaded spring for making the         measurement and vary by brand. For example, a blade shaped tip         can be used that is 6.6 mm long and 1 mm wide. Flat round tips         can also be inserted that measure area down below 1.5 mm in         diameter. For measuring on the structured substrate, these tips         need to be inserted between the structured regions to measure         the as-produced fabric thickness. The pressure used in the         measurement technique cannot be carefully controlled using this         technique, with the applied pressure being generally higher than         0.5 kPa.     -   Aged Caliper: This refers to the sample caliper after it has         been aged at 40° C. under 35 kPa pressure for 15 hours and then         relaxed at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity for 24 hours         with no compression. This can also be called the caliper         recovery. The aged caliper is measured under a pressure of 2.1         kPA. A typical testing device is a Thwing Albert ProGage system.         The diameter of the foot is between 50 mm to 60 mm. The dwell         time is 2 seconds for each measurement. All samples are stored         at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity for 24 hours with no         compression, and then subjected to the aged caliper test.     -   Mod Ratio: The “Mod Ratio” or modification ratio is used to         compensate for additional surface area geometry of non-round         fibers. The modification ratio is determined by measuring the         longest continuous straight line distance in the cross section         of the fiber perpendicular to its longest axis, and dividing by         the width of the fiber at 50% of that distance. For some complex         fiber shapes, it may be difficult to easily determine the         modification ratio. FIG. 19A-19C provide examples of shaped         fiber configurations. The “A” designation is the long axis         dimension and the “B” designation is the width dimension. The         ratio is determined by dividing the short dimension into the         long dimension. These units are measured directly via         microscopy.     -   Actual Denier: Actual denier is the measured denier of the fiber         for a given example. Denier is defined as the mass of a fiber in         grams at 9000 linear meters of length. Thus the inherent density         of the fiber is also factored in for the calculation of denier         when comparing fibers from different polymers, expressed as dpf         (denier per filament), so a 2 dpf PP fiber and a 2 dpf PET fiber         will have different fiber diameters. An example of the denier to         diameter relationship for polypropylene is a 1 dpf fiber of         polypropylene that is solid round with a density of about 0.900         g/cm³ has a diameter of about 12.55 micrometers. The density of         PET fibers in the present invention are taken to be 1.4 g/cm³         (grams per cubic centimeter) for denier calculations. For those         skilled in the art, converting from solid round fiber diameter         to denier for PP and PET fibers is routine.     -   Equivalent Solid Round Fiber Diameter: The equivalent solid         round fiber diameter is used for calculating the modulus of         fibers for fiber property measurements for non-round or hollow         shaped fibers. The equivalent solid round fiber diameter is         determined from the actual denier of the fiber. The actual         denier of the non-round fiber is converted into an equivalent         solid round fiber diameter by taking the actual fiber denier and         calculating the diameter of the filament with the assumption it         was solid round. This conversion is important for determining         the modulus of a single fiber for a non-round fiber         cross-section.     -   Tensile Properties of the Nonwoven Fabrics: The tensile         properties of base substrates and structured substrates were all         measured the same way. The gauge width is 50 mm, gauge length is         100 mm and the extension rate is 100 mm/min. The values reported         are for strength and elongation at peak, unless stated         otherwise. Separate measurements are made for the MD and CD         properties. The typical units are Newton (N) per centimeter         (N/cm). The values presented are the average of at least five         measurements. The perforce load is 0.2 N. The samples should be         stored at 23±2° C. and at 50±2% relative humidity for 24 hours         with no compression, then tested at 23±2° C. and at 50±2%. The         tensile strength as reported here is the peak tensile strength         in the stress-strain curve. The elongation at tensile peak is         the percent elongation at which the tensile peak is recorded.     -   MD/CD Ratio: Is defined as the MD tensile strength divided by         the CD tensile strength. The MD/CD ratio is a method used for         comparing the relative fiber orientation in a nonwoven fibrous         substrate.     -   Fiber Perimeter: Was directly measured via microscopy and is the         perimeter of a typical fiber in the nonwoven, expressed in         micrometers. The values presented are the average of at least         five measurements.     -   Opacity: Opacity is a measurement of the relative amount of         light that passes through the base substrate. The characteristic         opacity depends, amongst others, on the number, size, type and         shape of fibers present in a given location that is measured.         For the present invention, the base substrate opacity is         preferably greater than 5%, more preferably greater than 10%,         more preferably greater than 20%, still more preferably greater         than 30% and most preferably greater than 40%. Opacity is         measured using TAPPI Test Method T 425 om-01 “Opacity of Paper         (15/d geometry, Illuminant A/2 degrees, 89% Reflectance Backing         and Paper Backing)”. The opacity is measured as a percentage.     -   Base Substrate Density: The base substrate density is determined         by dividing the actual basis weight of the sample by the aged         caliper of the sample, converting into the same units and         reporting as grams per cubic meter.     -   Base Substrate Specific Volume: The base substrate specific         volume is the inverse of base substrate density in units of         cubic centimeters per gram.     -   Line Speed: The line speed is the linear machine direction speed         at which the sample was produced.     -   Bonding Temperature: The bonding temperature is the temperature         at which the spunbond sample was bonded together. Bonding         temperature includes two temperatures. The first temperature is         the temperature of the engraved or patterned roll and the second         is the temperature of the smooth roll. Unless specified         otherwise, the bonding area was 18% and the calender linear         pressure was 400 pounds per linear inch.     -   Surfactant Addition to Invention Samples: Refers to the material         used for treating the base substrate and structured substrates         to render them hydrophilic. In the present invention the same         surfactant was used for all samples. The surfactant was a         Procter & Gamble development grade material with code DP-988A.         The material is a polyester polyether copolymer. Commercial         grade soil release polymers (SRPs) from Clariant (TexCare         SRN-240 and TexCare SRN-170) was also used and found to work         well. The basic procedure was as follows:         -   200 mL of surfactant is mixed with 15 L of tap water at             80° C. in a five gallon bucket.         -   The samples to be coated are placed into the diluted             surfactant bucket for five minutes. Each sample is nominally             100 mm wide and 300 mm long. Up to nine samples are placed             in the bucket at one time, with the samples being agitated             for the first ten seconds. The same bucket can be used for             up to 50 samples.         -   Each sample is then removed, held vertically over the bucket             at one corner and residual water drained into the bucket for             five to ten seconds.         -   The samples are rinsed and soaked in a clean bucket of tap             water for at least two minutes. Up to nine samples are             placed in the bucket at one time, with the samples being             agitated for the first ten seconds. The rinse bucket is             changed after one set of nine samples.         -   The sample is dried at 80° C. in a forced air oven until             dry. A typical time is two to three minutes.     -   Holding Capacity: The holding capacity measurement takes the         surfactant coated sample and measures fluid uptake of the         material. The 200 mm×100 mm sample is submerged in tap water at         20° C. for one minute and then removed. The sample is held by         one corner upon removal for 10 seconds and then weighed. The         final weight is divided by the initial weight to calculate the         holding capacity. Holding capacity is measured on as-produced         fabric samples that correspond to conditions measured in the         as-produced fabric thickness test, unless specified otherwise.         These samples are not compression aged before testing. Different         samples sizes can be used in this test. Alternative samples         sizes that can be used are 100 mm×50 mm or 150 mm×75 mm. The         calculation method is the same regardless of the sample size         selected.     -   Wicking Spread Area: The wicking spread is broken down into a MD         and CD spread. A surfactant treated sample is cut that is at         least 30 cm long and 20 cm wide. Non-treated samples do not wick         any fluid. The sample is set on top of a series of petri dishes         (10 cm diameter and 1 cm deep) with one centered in the middle         of the sample and two on either side. 20 mL of distilled water         is then pored onto the sample at a rate of 5 mL per second. The         engraved roll side of the nonwoven is up, facing the fluid         pouring direction. The distance the fluid is wicked is measured         in the MD and CD after one minute. The distilled water can be         colored if needed (Merck Indigocarmin c.i. 73015). The pigment         should not alter the surface tension of the distilled water. At         least three measurements should be made per material. Wicking         spread is measured on as-produced fabric samples that correspond         to conditions measured in the as-produced fabric thickness test,         unless specified otherwise. These samples are not compression         aged before testing. If samples size smaller than 30 cm long and         20 cm wide is used, the sample must first be tested to determine         if the wicking spreads to the edges of the material before one         minute. If the wicking spread in the MD or CD is greater than         the sample width before one minute, the MD horizontal wicking         test height method should be used. The petri dishes are emptied         and cleaned for every measurement.     -   MD Horizontal Transport:

Apparatus

-   -   Pipette or Burette: being able to discharge 5.0 ml     -   Tray: size: width: 22 cm±1 cm, length: 30 cm±5 cm, height: 6         cm±1 cm     -   Funnel: 250 ml glass funnel attached with valve, orifice         diameter: 7 mm     -   Metal clamps: width of clamps: 5 cm     -   Scissors: Suitable for cutting samples for desired dimension     -   Balance: having an accuracy of 0.01 g

Reagent

-   -   Simulated urine: Prepare a 0.9% saline solution (9.0 g/l of         analytical grade sodium chloride in deionized water, with a         surface tension of 70±2 mN/m at 23±2° C. colored with blue         pigment (e.g. Merck Indigocarmin c.i. 73015)

Facilities Conditioned Room Temperature 23° Celsius (±2° C.) Relative Humidity 50% (±2%)

Procedure

-   -   1.) Cut a sample (70±1) mm wide*(300±1) mm long in machine         direction     -   2.) Measure and report the weight (w1) of the sample to the         nearest 0.01 g     -   3.) Clamp the sample with the baby side upwards (textured side         if measuring the structured substrate or engraved roll side if         measuring the base substrate) over the width on the upper edges         of the tray. Material is now hanging freely above the bottom of         the tray.     -   4.) Adjust the outlet of a 250 ml glass funnel attached with a         valve 25.4±3 mm above the sample centered in machine and cross         direction over the sample     -   5.) Prepare the simulated urine     -   6.) Dispense with the pipette or burette 5.0 ml of simulated         urine (4.) into the funnel, while keeping the valve of the         funnel closed     -   7.) Open the valve of the funnel to discharge the 5.0 ml of         simulated urine     -   8.) Wait for a time period of 30 seconds (use stopwatch)     -   9.) Measure the max MD distribution. Report to the nearest         centimeter.     -   Vertical Wicking Height: The vertical wicking test is conducted         by placing a preferred samples size of at least 20 cm long and 5         cm wide sample, held vertically above a large volume of         distilled water. The lower end of the sample is submerged in the         water to at least one cm under the fluid surface. The highest         point the fluid raises to in five minutes is recorded. Vertical         wicking is measured on as-produced fabric samples that         correspond to conditions measured in the as-produced fabric         thickness test, unless specified otherwise. Other sample sizes         can be used, however, the sample width can effect the         measurement when performed on a structured substrate. The         smallest samples width should be 2 cm wide, with a minimum         length of 10 cm.     -   Thermal Stability: Thermal stability of the base substrate or         structured substrate nonwoven is assessed based on how much a 10         cm in MD x at least 2 cm in CD sample shrinks in boiling water         after five minutes. The base substrate should shrink less than         10%, or have a final dimension in the MD of more than 9 cm to be         considered thermally stable. If the sample shrinks more than 10%         it is not thermally stable. The measurement was made by cutting         out the 10 cm by 2 cm sample size, measuring the exact length in         the MD and placing the sample in boiling water for five minutes.         The sample is removed and the sample length measured again         the MD. For all samples tested in the present invention, even         ones with high shrinkage in the comparative examples, the sample         remained flat after the time in the boiling water. Without being         bound by theory, the nonwoven thermal stability depends on the         thermal stability of constituent fibers. If the fibers         comprising the nonwoven shrink, the nonwoven will shrink.         Therefore, the thermal stability measurement here also captures         the thermal stability of the fibers. The thermal stability of         the nonwoven is important for the present invention. For samples         that show significant shrinkage, well beyond the 10% preferred         in the present invention, they can bundle or curl up in boiling         water. For these samples, a 20 gram weight can be attached at         the bottom of the sample and the length measured vertically. The         20 gram weight can be metal binder clips or any other suitable         weight that can attached at the bottom and still enable the         length to be measured.     -   FDT: FDT stands for Fiber Displacement Technology and refers to         mechanical treatment of the base substrate to form a structured         substrate having displaced fibers. If the base substrate is         modified by any type of fiber deformation or relocation, it has         undergone FDT. Simple handling of a nonwoven across flat rollers         or bending is not FDT. FDT implies deliberate movement of fibers         through focused mechanical or hydrodynamic forces for the         intentional movement of fibers in the z-directional plane.     -   Strain Depth: The mechanical straining distance used in the FDT         process.     -   Over Thermal Bond: Designates whether or not the sample has been         overbonded with a second discrete bonding step, using heat         and/or pressure.     -   FS-Tip: Designates whether the tip or top of the displaced         fibers have been bonded.     -   Structured Substrate Density: The structured substrate density         is determined by dividing the actual basis weight by the         structured substrate aged caliper, converting into the same         units and reporting as grams per cubic centimeter.     -   Structured Substrate Specific Volume: The structured substrate         volume is the inverse of structured substrate density in units         of cubic centimeters per gram.     -   Void Volume Creation: Void volume creation refers the void         volume created during the fiber displacement step. Void volume         creation is the difference between the structured substrate         specific volume and the base substrate specific volume.         Aged Strike Through and Rewet Test: For the Strike Through test         Edana method 150.3-96 has been used with the following         modifications:

B. Testing Conditions

-   -   Conditioning of samples and measurement is carried out at 23°         C.±2° C. and 50%±5% humidity

E: Equipment

-   -   As reference absorbing pad 10 layers of Ahlstrom Grade 989 or         equivalent (ay. Strike Through time: 1.7 s±0.3 s, dimensions:         10×10 cm)

F: Procedure

-   -   2. Reference absorbent pad as described in E     -   3. Test piece is cut into rectangle of 70×125 mm     -   4. Conditioning as described in B     -   5. The test piece is placed on set of 10 plies of filter paper.         For structured substrates the structured side is facing upward.     -   10. The procedure is repeated 60 s after absorption of the         1^(st) gush and the 2^(nd) gush respectively to record the time         of the 2^(nd) and 3^(rd) Strike Through.     -   11. A minimum of 3 tests on test pieces from each specimen is         recommended.         For the measurement of the rewet the Edana method 151.1-96 has         been used with the following modifications:

B. Testing Conditions

-   -   Conditioning of samples and measurement is carried out at 23°         C.±2° C. and 50%±5% humidity

D. Principle

-   -   The set of filter papers with the test piece on top from the         Strike Through measurement is used to measure the rewet.

E. Equipment

-   -   Pick-up paper: Ahlstrom Grade 632 or equivalent, cut into         dimensions of 62 mm×125 mm, centered on top of the test piece so         that it is not in contact with the reference absorbent pad.     -   Simulated Baby Weight: Total weight 3629 g±20 g

F. Procedure

-   -   12. Start procedure as of step 12 directly after completion of         the 3^(rd) gush of the Strike Through method. The additional         quantity (L) is determined by subtracting the 15 ml of the 3         gushes of the Strike Through test from the total quantity of         liquid (Q) required for the wetback test.     -   21. The wetback value equals the rewet in the present invention.     -   Fiber Properties: Fiber properties in the present invention were         measured using an MTS Synergie 400 series testing system. Single         fibers were mounted on template paper that has been precut to         produce holes that are exactly 25 mm length and 1 cm wide. The         fibers were mounted such that they are length wise straight         across the hole in the paper with no slack. The average fiber         diameter for solid round or equivalent solid round fiber         diameter for non-round is determined by making at least ten         measurements. The average of these ten measurements is used as         the fiber diameter in determining the fiber modulus through the         software input. The fibers were mounted into the MTS system and         the sides of the template paper were cut before testing. The         fiber sample is strained at 50 mm/min speed with the strength         profile initiated with a load force above 0.1 g of force. The         peak fiber load and strain at break are measured with the MTS         software. The fiber modulus is also measured by the MTS at 1%         strain. The fiber modulus as presented in Table 10 was reported         in this manner. The elongation at fiber break and peak fiber         load are also reported in Table 10. The results are an average         of ten measurements. In calculating the modulus of the fibers,         the fiber diameter is used for solid round fibers or the         equivalent solid round fiber diameter is used for non-round or         hollow fibers.     -   Percentage of Broken Filaments: The percentage of broken         filaments at a fiber displacement location can be measured. The         method for determining the number of broken filaments is by         counting. Samples produced having displaced fibers can be with         or without tip bonding. Precision tweezers and scissors are         needed for making actual fiber count measurements. The brand         Tweezerman makes such tools for these measurements, such as         Tweezers with item code 1240T and scissors with item code 3042-R         can be used. Medical Supplier Expert item code MDS0859411 can         also be used for scissors. Other suppliers also make tooling         that can be used.         -   For samples without tip bonding: Generally, one side of the             displaced fiber location will have more broken filaments as             shown in FIG. 16. The structured fibrous web should be cut             on the first surface at the side of the displaced fibers in             the second region with fewer broken filaments. As shown in             FIG. 16, this would be the left side identified as the             1^(st) cut 82. This should be cut along the first surface at             the base of the displaced fibers. The cutting is shown in             FIGS. 17A and 17B. The side view shown in FIG. 17B is             oriented in the MD as shown. Once this cut is made, any             loose fibers should be shaken free or brushed off until no             more fibers fall out. The fibers should be collected and             counted. Then the other side of the second region should be             cut (identified as the 2^(nd) cut 84 in FIG. 16) and the             number of fibers counted. The first cut details the number             of broken fibers. The number of fibers counted in the first             cut and second cut combined equals the total number of             fibers. The number of fibers in the first cut divided by the             total number of fibers times 100 gives the percentage of             broken fibers. In most cases, a visual inspection can show             whether or not the majority of the fibers are broken. When a             quantitative number is needed, the procedure above should be             used. The procedure should be done on at least ten samples             and the total averaged together. If the sample has been             compressed for some time, it may need to be lightly brushed             before cutting to reveal the dislocation area for this test.             If the percentages are close and a statically significant             samples size has not been generated, the number of samples             should be increased by increments of ten to render             sufficient statistical certainty within a 95% confidence             interval.         -   For samples with tip bonding: Generally, one side of the             displaced fiber location will have more broken filaments as             shown in FIG. 18. The side with fewer broken filaments             should be cut first. As shown in FIG. 18, this would be the             left side upper region labeled as the 1^(st) cut, which is             at the top of the where the tip bond is located, but does             not include any of the tip bonded material (i.e. it should             be cut on the side of the tip bond towards the side of the             broken fibers). This cut should be made and loose fibers             shaken free, counted and designated as fiber count 1. The             second cut should be at the base of the displaced fibers,             labeled as the second cut FIG. 18. The fibers should be             shaken loose and counted, with this count designated as             fiber count 2. A third cut is made on the other side of the             tip bonded region, shaken, counted and designated as fiber             count 3. A fourth cut is made at the base of the displaced             fibers, shaken loose and counted and designated as fiber             count 4. The cutting is shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B. The             number of fibers counted in the fiber count 1 and fiber             count 2 equals the total number of fibers on that side 1-2.             The number of fibers counted in the fiber count 3 and fiber             count 4 equals the total number of fibers on that side 3-4.             The difference between fiber count 1 and fiber count 2 is             determined and then divided by the sum of fiber count 1 and             fiber count 2 then multiplied by 100 and is called broken             filament percentage 1-2. The difference between fiber count             3 and fiber count 4 is determined and then divided by the             sum of fiber count 3 and fiber count 4 then multiplied by             100 and is called broken filament percentage 3-4. For the             present invention broken filament percentage 1-2 or broken             filament percentage 3-4 should be greater than 50%. In most             cases, a visual inspection can show whether or not the             majority of the fibers are broken. When a quantitative             number is needed, the procedure above should be used. The             procedure should be done on at least ten samples and the             total averaged together. If the sample has been compressed             for some time, it may need to be lightly brushed before             cutting to reveal the dislocation area for this test. If the             percentages are close and a statically significant samples             size has not been generated, the number of samples should be             increased by increments of ten to render sufficient             statistical certainty within a 95% confidence interval.     -   In Plane Radial Permeability (IPRP): In plane radial         permeability or IPRP or shortened to permeability in the present         invention is a measure of the permeability of the nonwoven         fabric and relates to the pressure required to transport liquids         through the material. The following test is suitable for         measurement of the In-Plane Radial Permeability (IPRP) of a         porous material. The quantity of a saline solution (0.9% NaCl)         flowing radially through an annular sample of the material under         constant pressure is measured as a function of time.         (Reference: J. D. Lindsay, “The anisotropic Permeability of         Paper” TAPPI Journal, (May 1990, pp 223) Darcy's law and         steady-state flow methods are used for determining in-plane         saline flow conductivity).

The IPRP sample holder 400 is shown in FIG. 20 and comprises a cylindrical bottom plate 405, top plate 420, and cylindrical stainless steel weight 415 shown in detail in FIGS. 21A-C.

Top plate 420 is 10 mm thick with an outer diameter of 70.0 mm and connected to a tube 425 of 190 mm length fixed at the center thereof. The tube 425 has in outer diameter of 15.8 mm and an inner diameter of 12.0 mm. The tube is adhesively fixed into a circular 12 mm hole in the center of the top plate 420 such that the lower edge of the tube is flush with the lower surface of the top plate, as depicted in FIG. 21A. The bottom plate 405 and top plate 420 are fabricated from Lexan® or equivalent. The stainless steel weight 415 has an outer diameter of 70 mm and an inner diameter of 15.9 mm so that the weight is a close sliding fit on tube 425. The thickness of the stainless steel weight 415 is approximately 25 mm and is adjusted so that the total weight of the top plate 420, the tube 425 and the stainless steel weight 415 is 788 g to provide 2.1 kPa of confining pressure during the measurement.

As shown in FIG. 21C, bottom plate 405 is approximately 50 mm thick and has two registration grooves 430 cut into the lower surface of the plate such that each groove spans the diameter of the bottom plate and the grooves are perpendicular to each other. Each groove is 1.5 mm wide and 2 mm deep. Bottom plate 405 has a horizontal hole 435 which spans the diameter of the plate. The horizontal hole 435 has a diameter of 11 mm and its central axis is 12 mm below the upper surface of bottom plate 405. Bottom plate 405 also has a central vertical hole 440 which has a diameter of 10 mm and is 8 mm deep. The central hole 440 connects to the horizontal hole 435 to form a T-shaped cavity in the bottom plate 405. As shown in FIG. 21B, the outer portions of the horizontal hole 435 are threaded to accommodate pipe elbows 445 which are attached to the bottom plate 405 in a watertight fashion. One elbow is connected to a vertical transparent tube 460 with a height of 190 mm and an internal diameter of 10 mm. The tube 460 is scribed with a suitable mark 470 at a height of 50 mm above the upper surface of the bottom plate 420. This is the reference for the fluid level to be maintained during the measurement. The other elbow 445 is connected to the fluid delivery reservoir 700 (described below) via a flexible tube.

A suitable fluid delivery reservoir 700 is shown in FIG. 22. Reservoir 700 is situated on a suitable laboratory jack 705 and has an air-tight stoppered opening 710 to facilitate filling of the reservoir with fluid. An open-ended glass tube 715 having an inner diameter of 10 mm extends through a port 720 in the top of the reservoir such that there is an airtight seal between the outside of the tube and the reservoir. Reservoir 700 is provided with an L-shaped delivery tube 725 having an inlet 730 that is below the surface of the fluid in the reservoir, a stopcock 735, and an outlet 740. The outlet 740 is connected to elbow 445 via flexible plastic tubing 450 (e.g. Tygon®). The internal diameter of the delivery tube 725, stopcock 735, and flexible plastic tubing 450 enable fluid delivery to the IPRP sample holder 400 at a high enough flow rate to maintain the level of fluid in tube 460 at the scribed mark 470 at all times during the measurement. The reservoir 700 has a capacity of approximately 6 litres, although larger reservoirs may be required depending on the sample thickness and permeability. Other fluid delivery systems may be employed provided that they are able to deliver the fluid to the sample holder 400 and maintain the level of fluid in tube 460 at the scribed mark 470 for the duration of the measurement.

The IPRP catchment funnel 500 is shown in FIG. 20 and comprises an outer housing 505 with an internal diameter at the upper edge of the funnel of approximately 125 mm. Funnel 500 is constructed such that liquid falling into the funnel drains rapidly and freely from spout 515. A horizontal flange 520 around the funnel 500 facilitates mounting the funnel in a horizontal position. Two integral vertical internal ribs 510 span the internal diameter of the funnel and are perpendicular to each other. Each rib 510 s 1.5 mm wide and the top surfaces of the ribs lie in a horizontal plane. The funnel housing 500 and ribs 510 are fabricated from a suitably rigid material such as Lexan® or equivalent in order to support sample holder 400. To facilitate loading of the sample it is advantageous for the height of the ribs to be sufficient to allow the upper surface of the bottom plate 405 to lie above the funnel flange 520 when the bottom plate 405 is located on ribs 510. A bridge 530 is attached to flange 520 in order to mount a dial gauge 535 to measure the relative height of the stainless steel weight 415. The dial gauge 535 has a resolution of ±0.01 mm over a range of 25 mm. A suitable digital dial gauge is a Mitutoyo model 575-123 (available from McMaster Carr Co., catalog no. 19975-A73), or equivalent. Bridge 530 has two circular holes 17 mm in diameter to accommodate tubes 425 and 460 without the tubes touching the bridge.

Funnel 500 is mounted over an electronic balance 600, as shown in FIG. 20. The balance has a resolution of ±0.01 g and a capacity of at least 2000 g. The balance 600 is also interfaced with a computer to allow the balance reading to be recorded periodically and stored electronically on the computer. A suitable balance is Mettler-Toledo model PG5002-S or equivalent. A collection container 610 is situated on the balance pan so that liquid draining from the funnel spout 515 falls directly into the container 610.

The funnel 500 is mounted so that the upper surfaces of ribs 510 lie in a horizontal plane. Balance 600 and container 610 are positioned under the funnel 500 so that liquid draining from the funnel spout 515 falls directly into the container 610. The IPRP sample holder 400 is situated centrally in the funnel 700 with the ribs 510 located in grooves 430. The upper surface of the bottom plate 405 must be perfectly flat and level. The top plate 420 is aligned with and rests on the bottom plate 405. The stainless steel weight 415 surrounds the tube 425 and rests on the top plate 420. Tube 425 extends vertically through the central hole in the bridge 530. The dial gauge 535 is mounted firmly to the bridge 530 with the probe resting on a point on the upper surface of the stainless steel weight 415. The dial gauge is set to zero in this state. The reservoir 700 is filled with 0.9% saline solution and re-sealed. The outlet 740 is connected to elbow 445 via flexible plastic tubing 450.

A an annular sample 475 of the material to be tested is cut by suitable means. The sample has an outer diameter of 70 mm and an inner hole diameter of 12 mm. One suitable means of cutting the sample is to use a die cutter with sharp concentric blades.

The top plate 420 is lifted enough to insert the sample 475 between the top plate and the bottom plate 405 with the sample centered on the bottom plate and the plates aligned. The stopcock 735 is opened and the level of fluid in tube 460 is set to the scribed mark 470 by adjusting the height of the reservoir 700 using the jack 705 and by adjusting the position of the tube 715 in the reservoir. When the fluid level in the tube 460 is stable at the scribed mark 470 and the reading on the dial gauge 535 is constant, the reading on the dial gauge is noted (initial sample thickness) and the recording of data from the balance by the computer is initiated. Balance readings and time elapsed are recorded every 10 seconds for five minutes. After three minutes the reading on the dial gauge is noted (final sample thickness) and the stopcock is closed. The average sample thickness L_(p) is the average of the initial sample thickness and the final sample thickness expressed in cm.

The flow rate in grams per second is calculated by a linear least squares regression fit to the data between 30 seconds and 300 seconds. The permeability of the material is calculated using the following equation:

$k = \frac{\left( {Q/\rho} \right)\mu \; {\ln \left( {R_{o}/R_{i}} \right)}}{2\pi \; L_{p}\Delta \; P}$

where:

k is the permeability of the material (cm²)

Q is the flow rate (g/s)

ρ is the density of the liquid at 22° C. (g/cm³)

μ is the viscosity of the liquid at 22° C. (Pa·s)

R_(o) is the sample outer radius (mm)

R_(i) is the sample inner radius (mm)

L_(p) is average sample thickness (cm)

ΔP is the hydrostatic pressure (Pa)

${\Delta \; P} = {\left( {{\Delta \; h} - \frac{L_{p}}{2}} \right)\; G\; \rho \; 10}$

where:

-   -   Δh is the height of the liquid in tube 460 above the upper         surface of the bottom plate (cm), and     -   G is the gravitational acceleration constant (m/s²)

$K_{r} = \frac{k}{\mu}$

where:

-   -   K_(r) is the IPRP value expressed in units of cm²/(Pa·s)

Discussion of Data in Tables: The information below will provide a basis for including the information found in the tables in the invention.

-   -   Table 1 and Table 2: Base substrate material properties for         pronounced trilobal shaped fibers, solid round and standard         trilobal base substrate as-produced properties. Table 1         describes the base substrate as-produced properties. The table         lists the specifics for each example. The important properties         to point out in Table 1 are the modification ratio for the         pronounced trilobal filaments and the relatively low MD         elongation for these point bonded PET substrates.     -   Table 3: The fluid handling properties of the base substrate are         shown. The Holding Capacity of these base substrates indicated         that they are not absorbent materials, with gram per gram         holding capacities below 10.     -   Table 4: Lists the process settings and property changes of         structured substrates versus the base substrate properties. The         examples for the 1D collection of samples highlight a primary         purpose in the present invention. 1D is the base substrate (60         g/m² 6.9 dpf PET) while 1D1 through 1D6 show the changes in         caliper with increasing fiber displacement, as indicated by the         strain depth. Increasing strain increases caliper. The over         bonding is indicated by the over thermal bonding. Tip bonding is         indicated by FS-Tip and as shown, can also affect the aged         caliper and the amount of void volume created. The purpose of         the present invention is to create void volume for liquid         acquisition. The over thermal bonding also can be used to         increase mechanical properties, as illustrated in the MD tensile         strength increase vs. the base substrate. The Example 1N data         set compare the base substrate with 1N1 through 1N9, which have         undergone different strain depth processes. This data set shows         that there is an optimization in caliper generation that is         determined by any over thermal bonding, FS-tip and overall         strain. The data shows that too much strain can produce samples         with worse aged caliper. In one execution of the present         invention, this would correspond to completely broken filament         in the activated region, while the region with the highest void         volume creation has the preferred broken filament range. The         results also show that similar structured substrate volumes can         be created for the present invention as typical resin bonded         structures, while also having fluid transport properties.     -   Table 5: The data and example show that the caliper increase and         void volume creation in the present invention can be used for         fiber shapes standard trilobal and solid round. The benefit of         the present invention is not restricted to pronounced trilobal         fibers.     -   Table 6 lists fluid handling properties of structured substrates         vs. base substrate properties. The examples in Table 6 are the         same as Table 4. The data in Table 6 show that the use of FDT         does increase the MD Horizontal Transport properties of the         structured substrate vs. the base substrate. The over bonding         has been found to increase fluid transport in the MD. The         Vertical wicking height component shows similar properties of         the structured substrate vs. the base substrate at moderate FDT         strains, but at higher strains the Vertical wicking height         component does decrease slightly. Relative to the carded resin         bonded nonwovens; the vertical transport component is still very         good. The aged strike through data shows a dramatic improvement         of fluid acquisition rates of the structured substrate vs the         base substrate. The strike through times decreases dramatically         with FDT vs the base substrate. The rewet properties generally         decrease with FDT vs the base substrate. The data in Table 6         demonstrates the structured substrate's ability to provide fluid         transport along with the ability to control the fluid         acquisition rates. The table also includes the fluid         permeability of a material via IPRP on the samples, which shows         the dramatic improvement after FDT, and also how the structured         substrates have higher permeability at calipers similar to the         carded resin bonded structures.     -   Table 7 lists some additional fluid handling properties of some         pronounced fiber shaped structured substrates vs base         substrates. The activation conditions used in the sample         description are listed in Table 5. Table 5 shows that changes in         FDT can improve fluid acquisition rates.     -   Table 8 shows additional structured substrate vs base substrate         samples with improved fluid acquisition rates for solid round         (SR) and standard trilobal fibers (TRI). The activation         conditions used for the structured substrate samples are         provided in Table 9.     -   Table 9 lists the process conditions for the samples made in         Table 8.     -   Table 10 lists the single fiber property values for substrates         used in the present invention. Because the present invention         uses high speed fiber spinning to produce thermal stable PET,         the modulus values are very high for fibers having strength >10         g per filament.

TABLE 1 Base Substrate example material properties. Actual Basis MD MD CD CD Example Mass Weight Aged Actual Tensile Elongation Tensile Elongation Desig- Through- (g/m²) Caliper Mod Denier Strength at Peak Strength at Peak MD/CD nation Resin Type put Shape (g/m²) (mm) Ratio (dpf) (N/5 cm) (%) (N/5 cm) (%) Ratio 1D F61HC/9921 3GHM p-TRI 60.6 0.36 1.72 6.9 96.9 4 60.3 33 1.61 1F F61HC/9921 4GHM p-TRI 41.1 0.35 2.09 8.6 80.6 26 39.5 35 2.04 1N F61HC/9921 4GHM p-TRI 44.1 0.39 1.72 6.9 61.7 5 36.2 36 1.7 1O F61HC/9921 4GHM p-TRI 67.0 0.43 1.72 6.9 120.0 6 67.2 33 1.8 2K F61HC 4GHM p-TRI 40.6 0.32 1.98 9.2 82.5 28 38.2 32 2.16 3E F61HC/9921 4.0 std-TRI 41.7 0.29 1.18 10.5 74.3 29 42.5 41 1.75 4B F61HC/9921 3GHM SR 42.7 0.36 N/A 4.9 58.0 24.0 50.2 39.0 1.2

TABLE 2 Base Substrate material properties. Actual Equivalent Basis Base Substrate Base Substrate Fiber SR Fiber Weight Aged Specific Specific Example Perimeter Diameter (g/m²) Caliper Opacity Density Volume Designation (μm) (μm) (g/m²) (mm) (%) (g/m3) (cm3/g) 1D 99.7 26.8 60.6 0.36 40 168333 5.94 1F 135.5 30.0 41.1 0.35 25 117429 8.52 1N 135.5 30.0 44.1 0.39 113077 8.84 1O 135.5 30.0 67.0 0.43 155814 6.42 2K 138.0 31.0 40.6 0.32 126875 7.88 3E 33.2 118 41.7 0.29 26 143793 6.95 4B 71.0 22.6 42.7 0.36 16 118611 8.43

TABLE 3 Base Substrate fluid handling properties. Bonding Holding Vertical Line Temperature, Capacity Wicking Example Speed Engraved/Smooth w/SRP Wicking Spread Height Thermally % Designation (m/min) (° C.) Surfactant (g/g) MD (cm) CD (cm) (mm) FDT Stable? Shrinkage 1D 23 200/190 DP988A 4.33 26.0 16.0 108 NO YES 2 1F 43 200/190 DP988A 5.20 18.0 16.0 27 NO YES 5 1N 44 210/200 DP988A 19 17 51 NO YES 2 1O 30 210/200 DP988A 30 21 80 NO YES 0 2K 43 200/190 DP988A 5.30 13.0 11.0 NO YES 3 3E 43 200/190 DP988A 4.8 2.5 2.5 22 NO YES 2 4B 31 200/190 DP988A 4.00 11.9 9.0 29 NO YES 4

TABLE 4 Mechanical Property changes of Base Substrate vs Structured substrate. Base Structured Over Substrate Substrate Void MD MD Basis Strain Line Thermal Fresh Aged Specific Specific Volume Tensile Elongation Example Weight Depth Speed Bond FS- Caliper Caliper Volume Volume Creation Strength at Peak Designation (g/m²) FDT (inches) (MPM) (inches) Tip (mm) (mm) (cm3/g) (cm3/g) (cm3/g) (N/5 cm) (%) 1D 60.1 NO NO NO NO NO 0.36 0.35 5.82 96.3 4 1D1 60.1 YES 0.01 17 YES NO No Data No Data 90.5 5 1D2 60.1 YES 0.01 17 YES NO 0.42 0.38 6.32 0.50 154.1 26 1D3 60.1 YES 0.07 17 YES NO 0.53 0.48 7.99 2.16 147.7 23 1D4 60.1 YES 0.07 17 YES YES No Data No Data 152.1 26 1D5 60.1 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 0.90 0.74 12.31 6.49 127.6 37 1D6 60.1 YES 0.13 17 YES NO 0.84 0.58 9.65 3.83 109.8 41 Resin Bond 43 NO NO NO NO NO 0.80 0.63 14.65 43 g/m² Resin Bond 60 NO NO NO NO NO 1.14 0.91 15.17 60 g/m² 1N 44.1 NO NO NO NO NO 0.4  0.4  9.07 0.00 1N1 44.1 YES 0.1 17 YES NO 0.84 0.72 16.33 7.26 1N2 44.1 YES 0.1 17 YES YES 0.76 0.7  15.87 6.80 1N3 44.1 YES 0.1 17 NO NO 0.91 0.79 17.91 8.84 1N4 44.1 YES 0.1 17 NO YES 0.75 0.65 14.74 5.67 1N5 44.1 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 1.2  0.83 18.82 9.75 1N6 44.1 YES 0.13 17 YES NO 1.31 0.69 15.65 6.58 1N9 44.1 YES 0.16 17 YES YES 1.17 0.65 14.74 5.67

TABLE 5 Mechanical Property changes of Base Substrate vs Structured Substrate. Base Structured Over Substrate Substrate Void Strain Line Thermal Fresh Aged Specific Specific Volume Example Basis Weight Depth Speed Bond Caliper Caliper Volume Volume Creation Designation (g/m²) FDT (inches) (MPM) (inches) FS-Tip (mm) (mm) (cm3/g) (cm3/g) (cm3/g) 1O 67.0 NO NO NO NO NO 0.43 0.43 6.42 0.00 1O1 67.0 YES 0.1  17 YES NO 0.89 0.80 11.94 5.52 1O2 67.0 YES 0.1  17 YES YES 0.81 0.75 11.19 4.78 1O3 67.0 YES 0.1  17 NO NO 0.99 0.86 12.84 6.42 1O4 67.0 YES 0.13 17 YES NO 1.45 1.00 14.93 8.51 1O5 67.0 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 1.31 1.11 16.57 10.15 1O6 67.0 YES 0.13 17 NO NO 1.34 0.90 13.43 7.01 1K 40.6 NO NO NO NO NO 0.32 0.32 7.88 0.00 1K1 40.6 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 0.94 0.48 11.82 3.94 1F 41.1 NO NO NO NO NO 0.35 0.35 8.52 0.00 1F1 41.1 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 0.92 0.52 12.65 4.14 4B 42.7 NO NO NO NO NO 0.36 0.36 8.43 0.00 4B1 42.7 YES 0.07 17 YES YES 0.56 0.49 11.48 3.04 4B2 42.7 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 1.07 0.50 11.71 3.28 3E 41.7 NO NO NO NO NO 0.31 0.31 7.43 0.00 3E1 41.7 YES 0.07 17 YES YES 0.42 0.33 7.91 0.48 3E2 41.7 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 0.62 0.38 9.11 1.68

TABLE 6 Fluid Management Properties of Base Substrate and Structured Substrates. MD Vertical Aged Aged Aged Fresh Aged Horizontal Wicking Strike Strike Strike Example Caliper Caliper IPRP Transport Height Through 1 Through 2 Through 3 Rewet Designation (mm) (mm) FDT cm²/(Pa · s) (cm) (cm) (s) (s) (s) (g) 1D 0.36 0.35 NO 5,060 19.5 10.8 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.5 1D1 No Data No Data YES 20.0 10.7 1D2 0.42 0.38 YES 11,200 23.0 10.8 0.5 1.2 1.4 0.8 1D3 0.53 0.48 YES 13,400 25.0 11.0 0.6 1.3 1.3 2.0 1D4 No Data No Data YES 25.0 9.0 1D5 0.90 0.74 YES 24,500 27.0 8.0 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.2 1D6 0.84 0.58 YES 17,300 23.0 8.0 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.1 Resin Bond 43 0.80 0.63 NO 11,900 2 0 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.0 g/m² Resin Bond 60 1.14 0.91 NO 13,200 2 0 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.1 g/m² 1N 0.4  0.4  NO 7,900 19.0 8.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.3 1N1 0.84 0.72 YES 29,439 20.0 8.2 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.9 1N2 0.76 0.7  YES 30,320 21.0 8.4 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.2 1N3 0.91 0.79 YES 22,934 21.0 8.3 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.9 1N4 0.75 0.65 YES 19,132 22.0 7.8 0.4 1.0 0.6 1.5 1N5 1.2  0.83 YES 24,634 22.0 7.7 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.2 1N6 1.31 0.69 YES 17,455 21.0 7.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 1N9 1.17 0.65 YES 10,795 22.5 6.8 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.2

TABLE 7 Fluid Management Properties of Base Substrate and Structured substrates. MD Vertical Aged Aged Aged Fresh Aged Horizontal Wicking Strike Strike Strike Example Caliper Caliper IPRP Transport Height Through 1 Through 2 Through 3 Rewet Designation (mm) (mm) FDT cm²/(Pa · s) (cm) (cm) (s) (s) (s) (g) 1O 0.43 0.43 NO 5,060 30.0 13.5 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.5 1O1 0.89 0.80 YES 31,192 32.0 13.7 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.8 1O2 0.81 0.75 YES 32,134 33.0 14.1 0.6 0.5 0.8 1.9 1O3 0.99 0.86 YES 29,158 33.0 12.6 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.8 1O4 1.45 1.00 YES 32,288 32.5 12.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1O5 1.31 1.11 YES 39,360 33.0 12.4 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 1O6 1.34 0.90 YES 26,298 32.0 12.5 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.7

TABLE 8 Fluid Management Properties of Different Shaped Fibers. MD Vertical Aged Aged Aged Fresh Aged Horizontal Wicking Strike Strike Strike Example Fiber Caliper Caliper Transport Height Through 1 Through 2 Through 3 Rewet Designation Shape (mm) (mm) FDT (cm) (cm) (s) (s) (s) (g) 3E TRI 0.29 0.29 NO 2.5 2.2 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.2 3E1 TRI 0.48 0.42 YES 4.0 2.9 0.49 1.01 1.03 0.29 3E2 TRI 0.66 0.48 YES 3.0 2.7 0.53 0.73 0.70 0.33 4B SR 0.36 0.36 NO 11.9 2.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 4B1 SR 0.43 0.41 YES 14.1 4.8 0.79 1.10 1.13 0.71 4B2 SR 0.56 0.52 YES 13.2 4.6 0.60 0.94 0.93 0.07 Resin Bond 43 0.80 0.63 2 0 0.68 1.19 1.10 0.04 g/m² Resin Bond 60 1.14 0.91 2 0 0.49 1.04 0.85 0.06 g/m²

TABLE 9 Process settings for samples in Table 8. Over Example Strain Line Thermal Fresh Aged Desig- Depth Speed Bond FS- Caliper Caliper nation FDT (inches) (MPM) (inches) Tip (mm) (mm) 4B1 YES 0.07 17 YES YES 0.48 0.42 4B2 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 0.66 0.48 3E1 YES 0.07 17 YES YES 0.43 0.41 3E2 YES 0.13 17 YES YES 0.56 0.52

TABLE 10 Single fiber property data for sample used in present invention. Fiber Peak Fiber Strain at Polymer Denier Load Break Modulus Fiber Shape Type (dpf) (g) (%) (GPa) Pronounced Trilobal PET 6.9 15.1 94 4.3 Pronounced Trilobal PET 8.6 15.6 126 3.5 Pronounced Trilobal PET 10.7 15.3 170 3.2 Pronounced Trilobal PET 13.0 15.5 186 3.4 Standard Trilobal PET 6.5 15.3 165 3.8 Standard Trilobal PET 9.6 15.9 194 2.7 Standard Trilobal PET 10.5 16.0 247 2.4 Standard Trilobal PET 14.5 17.5 296 2.6 Solid Round PET 2.9 10.0 167 3.0 Solid Round PET 4.9 15.6 268 2.8 Solid Round PET 8.9 15.9 246 3.3

The base substrate and the structured substrate of the present invention may be used for a wide variety of applications, including various filter sheets such as air filter, bag filter, liquid filter, vacuum filter, water drain filter, and bacterial shielding filter; sheets for various electric appliances such as capacitor separator paper, and floppy disk packaging material; various industrial sheets such as tacky adhesive tape base cloth, and oil absorbing material; various dry or premoistened wipes such as hard surface cleaning, floor care, and other home care uses, various wiper sheets such as wipers for homes, services and medical treatment, printing roll wiper, wiper for cleaning copying machine, baby wipers, and wiper for optical systems; various medicinal and sanitary sheets, such as surgical gown, medical gowns, wound care, covering cloth, cap, mask, sheet, towel, gauze, base cloth for cataplasm. Other applications include disposable absorbent articles as a means for managing fluids. Disposable absorbent article applications include tampon liners and diaper acquisition layers.

The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm”

Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention. 

1. A fluid permeable structured fibrous web comprising thermoplastic fibers wherein the fibrous web has an aged caliper of less than 1.5 mm, vertical wicking height of at least 5 mm, a permeability of at least 10,000 cm²/(Pa·s), and a structured substrate specific volume of at least 5 cm³/g, and wherein the fibers of the fibrous web are formed from a thermoplastic polymer comprising a polyester, wherein the fibrous web comprises a bio-based content of about 10% to about 100% using ASTM D6866-10, method B.
 2. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the polyester comprises an alkylene terephthalate.
 3. The fibrous web of claim 2, wherein the alkylene terephthalate is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polycyclohexylene dimethyl terephthalate (PCT), and combinations thereof.
 4. The fibrous web claim 1, wherein the polyester comprises poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF).
 5. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the vertical wicking height is at least 20 mm.
 6. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the structured substrate specific volume is at least 10 cm³/g.
 7. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the fibrous web has an MD horizontal transport (horizontal wicking distance) of at least 10 cm.
 8. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the fibrous web has a permeability of at least 20,000 cm²/(Pa·s).
 9. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the fibrous web has an aged second strike through of less than 2 seconds.
 10. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the fibrous web has a rewet of less than 3.0 g.
 11. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the fibrous web has a basis weight of between 30 and 80 g/m².
 12. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the aged caliper is greater than 0.5 mm.
 13. The fibrous web of claim 1, wherein the fibrous web has fiber content comprising at least 50% thermoplastic fibers. 